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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavioral Psychologist
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Focus on the learning assoc. through classical and operant conditioning
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Cognitive psychologists
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Studying learning are interested in the understanding (invisible) mental processes
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E.L. Thorndyke
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Put cat's in "puzzle box"
Had to hit lever to get out -Got out faster each time -Law of Effect |
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Law of Effect
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E.L Thorndyke
Behavior resulting in satisfying outcomes is repeated; behavior resulting in unsatisfying outcome isn't |
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B.F Skinner
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Trained animals
-Skinner's Principles -Reinforcer: Something that follows a behavior and increases the frequency of the behavior -Punishment: Follows a behavior and suppresses that behavior |
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Operant Conditioning
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Occurs when we reinforce or punish a behavior so as to change the frequency in the presence of a discriminative stimulus
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Three-term Contingency
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Stimulus -> Operant -> Reinforcement
When the stimulus is present, the operant is performed more often when followed by a reinforcement |
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Operant Worksheet
Tanya loves to win her competitions |
Operant - Is to practice
Reinforcer - Win trophies |
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Delay Discounting
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Reinforcers in the future mean less than reinforcers now.
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Mutual reinforcerment
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Ones operant is another's reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement
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means that something pleasant is given to you
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Negative Reinforcement
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Something bad is removed
*Reinforcement is always good* |
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Shaping
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Rewarding successive approximation
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Extinction
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If you stop reinforcing a behavior, it graduly unconditions
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Spontaneous Recovery
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A previous stimulus and reinforcement can re-surface
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Herrnstein's Matching Law
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Red button 30% fed
Blue button 70% fed Pigeon's will match rate of pecking, always alternating to give 100% |
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Classical Conditioning
Elements and Procedures |
Phase 1:
UCS -> UCR Phase 2: CS -> UCS -> UCR Phase 3: CS -> CR |
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Ivan Pavlov
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Won 1904 Nobel Prize for studying dog digestion
Dog reflex: salivate near meat Classical conditioning: learning to salivate for something that often predicts food is coming!! |
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Extinction
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Disappearance of CR when UCS no longer present
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Reappearance of CR if UCS is present
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Practice Effects
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Practice increases speed of skill
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Newell & Rosenbloom
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Follows the Power Law of Practice
- log(t)=a(log(p))+b t= time to perform skill p=number of times practiced a,b are constants estimated for each task |
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Meaning of Power Law
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Practice makes (more) perfect
Practice has "diminishing returns" |
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Automaticity
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A decreasing requirement for conscious control of a action with practice
- After practice, seems almost "effortless" - Some skills are so automatic they happen without intention |
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Stroop Task Demo
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Easier to read word than name the color
Reading is so automatic it makes it difficult to thinking the color before saying the word |
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Three-Stage or "Box" Model
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Guided research in memory since 1960s
Views memory as 3 distinct stages -Sensory -Short-term memory -Long-term memory |
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Memory System Processes:
Encoding |
process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next
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Memory System Processes:
Storage |
process of maintaining information in a particular stage
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Memory System Processes:
Retrieval |
process of bringing stored info from long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory
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Sensory Memory
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Stores information until it can be processed more deeply
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Iconic memory
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Visual sensory memory
-Duration < 1s -Reason movies move b/c individual frames are not perceived as seperate but as continuous *Humans see 4 frames per second |
