Psychology

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Operational Definition

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I carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. For example, human in telogen's maybe operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

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Replication

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Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

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Random Sample

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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

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Representative Sample

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Case Study

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A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

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Naturalistic observation

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I descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

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Surveys

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I descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, "random sample" of the group.

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Correlations

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A measure of the exact, to which two factors very together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

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Control group

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In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment.

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Independent variable

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In the experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable is a fact is being studied.

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Random assignment

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A sunny participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups.

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Dependent Variable

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In an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change on the independent variable is manipulated.

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Placebo

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Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes it's an active agent.

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Double-blind procedure

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Experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research precipitants have received the treatment or a placebo.

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Wilhelm Wundt

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•Established the first psychology laboratory at the university of Leipzig, Germany.

• Seeked to measure "atoms of the mind."

•Added two key elements to enhance scientific nature of psychology.

•Elements included carefully measured observations and experiments.

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Edward Bradford Titchener

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•Relied on "self-report" data.

•Encouraged introspection, reporting on sensations and other elements of experience in reaction to stimuli.

• used to these introspective reports to build a view of the mind scripture. It's early school of thought is called structuralism.

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William James

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• studied human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and asked:

•what function might they serve?

• how might they have helped our ancestors survive?

• this functional a school of thought was influenced by Charles Darwin.

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Positive Correlation

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Indicates a direct relationship, meaning the two things increase together or decrease together.

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Negative Correlation

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Indicates an inverse relationship: as one thing increases, the other decreases.

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Correlation coefficient

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Provide specifics to go measure of how closely two things very together and how well one predicts the other.