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151 Cards in this Set
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The scientific study of overt behavior and mental processes. |
Psychology |
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This theorist developed functionalism which is how the mind functions to help us adapt to the environment |
William James |
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This theorist studies behaviorism which is the study of observable behavior |
John B. Watson |
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These two theorists studied a view that focuses on subjective human experiences, known as Humanism |
Maslow and Rogers |
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Measures the result of the experiment |
Dependent variable |
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Conditions altered by the experimenter |
Independent variable |
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Carries messages to and from the sense organs and skeletal muscles |
Somatic nervous system |
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Serves the internal organs and glands |
Autonomic nervous system |
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fight or flight |
sympathetic |
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rest and digest |
parasympathetic |
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic branch are part of what? |
Autonomic |
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Individual nerve cell |
neuron |
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Neuron fibers that receive messages from other neurons |
dendrites |
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Cell body that sends/receives messages from other neurons |
soma |
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This fiber that messages go down |
axon |
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Bulb shaped/ allows info to pass from neuron to neuron |
axon terminal |
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Fatty sheath covering the axon |
Myelin sheath |
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Electrical charge of in inactive neuron |
Resting potential |
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More positively charged ions outside cell, more negatively charged inside |
when a neuron is at rest |
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Associated with higher mental abilities and play a role in your sense of self as well as motor control |
frontal lobes |
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Responsible for sensation such as touch, temp, and pressure |
parietal lobe |
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Responsible for vision |
occipital |
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Responsible for posture, balance, coordination, muscle tone, and memory of skills and habits |
Cerebellum |
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Responsible for hearing and language |
temporal lobe |
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Measures brain waves and records them on a moving sheet of paper or computer screen |
EEG |
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Imaging technique that results in a computer generated image of brain activity, based on glucose consumption in the brain |
PET |
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MRI technique that records brain activity, makes brain activity visible |
FMRI |
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A computer enhanced X-ray image of the brain or body |
CT scan |
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An imaging technique that results in a 3D image of the brain or body, based on its response to a magnetic field |
MRI |
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The primary function of the senses os to act as biological ________, devices that convert one kind of energy into another |
transducers |
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Information arriving from the sense organs creates ________. Then the brain processes these messages. When the brain organizes sensations into meaningful patterns, we speak of ________. |
sensations perception |
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Eyes have a ______ to focus images on a light sensitive layer at the back of an enclosed space |
lens |
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In the eye is a layer of ________ in the _______, an area about the size and thickness of a postage stamp |
photoreceptors retina |
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Most eye focusing is done at the front of the eye by the _______, a clear membrane that bends light inward |
cornea |
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In focusing, the _____ makes smaller adjustments |
lens |
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The eye has two image sensors called: |
rods, cones |
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The 5 million _____ in each eye work best in bright light |
cones |
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Numbering about 120 million, _______ can't detect colors, only black and white |
rods |
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farsightedness caused by aging |
Presbyopia |
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How we hear sound:Hearing begins with the _____, the visible external part of the ear which acts like a funnel to concentrate sounds. After they are guided into the ear canal, sound waves collide with the ______ ______, (eardrum) setting it in motion. This causes three small bones, the ________ _______ to vibrate. The ossicles link the eardrum with the ________, a snail shaped organ that makes up the inner ear. the stapes is attached to a membrane on the cochlea called the _______ ________. As the oval window moves back and forth, it makes waves in a fluid inside the cochlea.Inside the cochlea tiny ________ _______ detect waves in the fluid. The hair cells are part of the ________ ____ _______, which makes up the center part of the cochlea. A set of ____________ "bristles" atop each hair cell brush against the tectorial membrane when waves ripple through the fluid surrounding the organ of corti. As the stereocilia are bent, nerve impulses are triggered which flow into the brain. |
pinna tympanic membrane auditory ossicles cochlea oval window hair cells organ of corti stereocilia |
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What are the three auditory ossicles? |
Malleus, incus, stapes OR hammer, anvil, stirrup |
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Poor transfer of sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear |
conductive hearing loss |
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Loss of hearing caused by damage to the inner ear hair cells or auditory nerve |
Sensorineural hearing loss |
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Sense of smell |
olfaction |
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Sense of taste |
gustation |
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Occurs when a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli and/or behaviors |
associative learning |
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2 types of associative learning: |
classical conditioning operant conditioning |
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Events that precede a behavior are? |
antecedents |
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Effects that follow a behavior are? |
consequences |
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A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli(involuntary learning) |
classical conditioning |
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Learning based on the consequences of responding(voluntary learning) |
operant conditioning |
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A horn is associated with a puff of air to the eye is an example of? |
classical conditioning |
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If you wear a particular hat and get lots of compliments (reward or reinforcement) you are likely to wear it more often. If people make fun (punishment) you will probably wear it less is an example of? |
operant conditioning |
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unlearned, untrained, natural = |
unconditioned |
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anything that causes a response = |
stimulus |
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after training or learning = |
conditioned |
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a stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response: and Pavlov experiment example: |
Unconditioned stimulus (US) meat powder |
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A reflex is innate or "built in" and elicited by an unconditioned stimulus and Pavlov experiment example: |
unconditioned response (UR) salivation |
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A stimulus that does not invoke a response and Pavlov experiment example: |
Neutral stimulus (NS) bell |
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A stimulus, that because of learning, will elicit a response and Pavlov experiment example: |
conditioned stimulus (CS) bell |
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A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus and Pavlov experiment example: |
Conditioned response (CR) salivating to the bell |
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Like want increased desirable behavior |
reinforcement |
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dont like dont want decreased negative behavior |
punishment |
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+ (adding) |
positive |
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- (takeaway) |
negative |
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Give the child cookie for sitting quietly in the chair |
positive reinforcement |
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Shutting off TV so child will do their homework |
negative reinforcement |
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Negative reinforcement also increases responding, however it does so by ____________ discomfort |
ending (negating, taking away) ex. you have a headache and take aspirin, your aspirin taking will be negatively reinforced if the headache stops |
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Child was acting out, so I gave him timeout |
positive punishment |
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positive punishment_______ the likelihood that the response will occur again, it does so by initiating (adding) discomfort |
decreases |
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Child was throwing ball in store, so I took the ball away |
negative punishment |
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Non learned reinforcers, produce comfort, end discomfort, fill an immediate physical need ex. food, water, sex |
primary reinforcer |
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Associated with primary reinforcement ex. praise, attention, approval, success, affection, grades |
secondary reinforcer |
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Tangible secondary reinforcer ex. gold stars, poker chips |
token reinforcer |
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Internal processes that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activities |
motivation |
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Memory model in order "Nurse Diane Reads Good Notes" |
Need Drive Response Goal Need reduction |
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In internal deficiency that may energize behavior |
need |
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Internal needs or valued goals, ex. hunger, thirst,drive for success |
drive |
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Any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior |
response |
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The target or object of motivated behavior |
goal |
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The value above and beyond its ability to fill a need |
incentive value |
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Three major categories of motives: |
biological stimulus learned |
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Refers to people who have severel traits in common |
personality trait |
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The Big 5 Raymond Cattell - The essence of human personality O C E A N |
Openness to experience Conscientious Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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Freud psychoanalytic theory: Made up of innate biological instincts and urges |
id |
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Freud psychoanalytic theory: The id operates on the ________ principle |
pleasure |
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Freud psychoanalytic theory: The id acts as a power source for the entire _____ |
psyche |
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Freud psychoanalytic theory: The id acts as a power source for the entire _______, or personality. This energy, called ______, flows from the life instincts or ______ |
Psyche libido Eros |
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Sometimes described as the "executive", because it directs energies supplied by the id |
ego |
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The ______ acts as a judge or censor for the thoughts and actions of the ego |
superego |
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Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts |
Freud Psychoanalytic Theory |
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A _______ disorder is a significant impairment in psychological functioning |
mental |
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A _______ disorder is a severe mental disorder characterized by a retreat from reality by hallucinations and delusions, and by social withdrawal |
psychotic |
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______ disorders are disruptive feelings of fear, apprehension, or anxiety, or distortions in behavior that are anxiety related |
anxiety |
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Three types of mood disorders: |
Major depressive Bipolar I Bipolar II |
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Disorder where everything looks bleak and hopless |
major depressive |
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disorder where people experience both extreme mania and deep depression |
Bipolar I disorder |
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disorder where person is mostly sad and guilt ridden |
Bipolar II disorder |
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Type of delusion where person feels that they have committed horrible crimes |
depressive delusion |
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Type of delusion where people think they are rotting |
Somatic delusion |
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Type of delusion where people think they are extremely important |
grandeur delusion |
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Delusion where people think they are being controlled |
influence delusion |
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Delusion where people think other people are out to get them |
Persecution delusion |
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Type of delusion where people give great personal meaning to unrelated events |
reference delusion |
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Type of Schizophrenia where person may remain mute while holding odd positions |
catatonic |
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Type of Schizophrenia where person is marked by incoherence, bizarre thinking, innapropriate thinking |
disorganized |
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Type of Schizophrenia where person is delusional or having auditory hallucinations |
paranoid |
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Type of Schizophrenia where person has prominent psychotic symptoms, but none of the specific |
Undifferentiated |
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A freudian therapy that emphasizes the use of free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts |
Psychoanalysis |
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Any therapy designed to actively change behavior |
behavior therapy |
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The use of drugs to treat psychopathology |
pharmacotherapy |
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Three classes of drugs used in pharmacotherapy: |
Anxiolytics Anti-depressants Anti-psychotics |
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Drugs, such as valium that produce relaxation or reduce anxiety |
Anxiolytics |
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Mood-elevating drugs |
Antidepressants |
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Drugs that, in addition to having tranquilizing effects, also tend to reduce hallucinations and delusional thinking |
Antipsychotics |
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Study of how individuals behave, think, and feel in social situations |
Social situations |
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Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause |
Somatoform disorder |
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Temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization |
Dissociative disorder |
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A form of decreased mental function due to a medical or physical disease, rather than psychiatric disorders |
Organic mental disorder |
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Chronic anxiety and sudden panic |
panic attack |
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Intense, irrational fear of specific objects |
Specific phobia |
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Fear that something embarrassing will happen if one leaves the house |
Agoraphobia |
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Preoccupied with certain distressing thoughts and feel compelled to perform certain behaviors |
Obsessions |
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Occurs when people experience unavoidable stresses outside the range of normal human experience, such as floods, tornadoes, earthquakes, or horrible accidents |
Stress disorders |
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If such reactions last less than a month after a traumatic event, the problem is called: |
acute stress disorder |
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If stress reactions last longer than a month, the person is suffering from: |
PTSD |
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An inability to recall one's name, address or past |
Dissociative amnesia |
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Sudden travel away from home, plus confusion about one's personal identity |
Dissociative fugue |
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Multiple personality |
Dissociative identity disorder |
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Preoccupation with fear of having a serious disease |
Hypochondriasis |
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Actions that increase the chances of disease, injury or early death |
Behavioral risk factor ex. smoking |
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Infection that leads to AIDS. As the immune system weakens, other "opportunistic" diseases invade the body. |
HIV |
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The first symptoms of AIDS may show up as little as _________ after infection, but they typically don't appear for ________ |
2 months 10 years |
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A person who complains about illnesses that appear to be imaginary |
Hypochondriach |
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Illnesses in which psychological factors contribute to bodily damage or to damaging changes in bodily functioning |
psychosomatic disorders |
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Part of the limbic system specializing in producing fear |
amygdala |
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A person's unique long-term pattern of thinking, emotions, and behavior |
personality |
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personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated. A person's desirable or undesirable qualities |
character |
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Atkinson Shiffron model |
practice on paper pg. 274 |
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The first, normally unconscious stage of memory, which holds incoming information for a fewseconds or less |
sensory memory |
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Visual sensory images, stored for about a half a second |
iconic memories |
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When you hear something, sensory memory stores it for up to two seconds |
echoic |
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Memory system that holds small amounts of info for about a dozen seconds |
STM |
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Another name for STM that is used for thinking and problem solvingex. put together a puzzle, do mental arithmatic |
working memory |
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Memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information |
LTM |
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LTM of conditioned responses and learned skills(expressed as an action)ex. driving, swinging a golf club |
Procedural skills |
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The part of LTM that contains specific factual information(verbal Memory)ex. faces, words, dates |
declarative memory |
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Subpart of declarative memory that records basic factual knowledge(school)ex. days of the week, months, seasons, words |
semantic memory |
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A subpart of declarative memory that records person experiences(experiences)ex. life events, first kiss, seventh birthday |
episodic memory |
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Declarative memory (LTM) and its subparts S S L PD SE |
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How many types of LTM? |
three Procedural memory and two types of declarative memory: semantic and episodic |
