Psychology

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

any system- human, animal, or machine-

that encodes, stores, and retrieves

information

Front 2

information-processing model

Back 2

a cognitive understanding of memory,

emphasizing how information is changed

when it is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Front 3

encoding

Back 3

the first of the three basic tasks of memory,

involving the modification of information to

fit the preferred format for the memory

system

Front 4

storage

Back 4

the second of the three basic tasks of

memory, involving the retention of encoded

material over time.

Front 5

retrieval

Back 5

the third basic task of memory, involving

the location and recovery of information

from

memory

Front 6

eidetic imagery

Back 6

an especially clear and persistent form of

memory that is quite rare; sometimes

known as "photographic memory"

Front 7

sensory memory

Back 7

the first of three memory stages,

preserving brief sensory impressions

of stimuli

Front 8

working memory

Back 8

the second of three memory stages, and the

one most limited in capacity. It preserves

recently perceived events or experiences for

less than a minute without rehearsal.

Front 9

long-term memory (LTM)

Back 9

The third of three memory stages, with

the largest capacity and longest duration;

LTM stores material organized according to meaning.

Front 10

chunking

Back 10

organizing pieces of information into a

smaller number of meaningful units

(or chunks)- a process that frees up space

in working memory

Front 11

maintenance rehearsal

Back 11

a working-memory process in which

information is merely repeated or reviewed

to keep it from fading

Front 12

elaborative rehearsal

Back 12

a working-memory process in which

information is consciously reviewed and

actively related to information already in LTM

Front 13

acoustic encoding

Back 13

the conversation of information, especially

semantic information, to sound patterns in

working memory

Front 14

levels-of-processing theory

Back 14

the explanation for the fact that information

is more thoroughly connected to

meaningful items in long-term memory

(more "deeply" processed) will be

remembered better.

Front 15

procedural memory

Back 15

a division of LTM that stores memories for

how things are done

Front 16

declarative memory

Back 16

a division of LTM that stores and explicit

information; also known as fact memory.

Declarative memory has two subdivisions, episodic memory and semantic memory

Front 17

episodic memory

Back 17

a subdivision of declarative memory that

stores personal events or "episodes"

Front 18

semantic memory

Back 18

a subdivision of declarative memory that

stores general knowledge, including the

meanings of words and concepts

Front 19

schema

Back 19

cluster of related information that

represents ideas or concepts in semantic

memory. Schemas provide a context for

understanding objects and events

Front 20

childhood amnesia

Back 20

the inability to remember events during

the first two or three years of life

Front 21

engram

Back 21

the physical changes in the brain associated

with memory. It is also known as the memory trace.

Front 22

anterograde amnesia

Back 22

the inability to form new memories

(as opposed to retrograde amnesia,

which involves the inability to remember

information previously stored in memory).

Front 23

consolidation

Back 23

the process by which short-term memories

become long-term memories over a period

of time

Front 24

Retrograde amnesia

Back 24

the inability to remember information

previously store in memory

Front 25

flashbulb memory

Back 25

a clear and vivid long-term memory of an

especially meaningful and emotional event

Front 26

implicit memory

Back 26

a memory that was not deliberately learned

or of which you have no conscious awereness

Front 27

explicit memory

Back 27

memory that has been processed with

attention and can be consciously recalled

Front 28

retrieval cue

Back 28

stimulus used to bring a memory to

consciousness or to cue a behavior

Front 29

priming

Back 29

a technique for cuing implicit memories by

providing cues that stimulate a memory

without awareness of raw connection

between the cue ands the retrieved memory

Front 30

gist

Back 30

the sense or meaning, as contrasted with

the exact details

Front 31

recall

Back 31

a retrieval method in which one must

reproduce previously presented information

Front 32

recognition

Back 32

a retrieval method in which one must

identify present stimuli as having been

previously presented

Front 33

encoding specificity principle

Back 33

the doctrine that memory is encoded and

stored with specific cues related to the

context in which it was formed. The more

closely the retrieval cue match the form in

which the information was encoded, the

better it will be remembered.

Front 34

mood-congruent memory

Back 34

a memory process that selectively retrieves

memories that match (are congruent with)

one's mood.

Front 35

prospective memory

Back 35

the aspect of memory that enable one to

remember to take some action in the future

ex.remember a doctors appointment.

Front 36

TOT phenomenon

Back 36

the inability to recall a word, while knowing

that it is in memory. People often described

this frustrating experience as having the word "on the tip of the tongue"

Front 37

transcience

Back 37

the impermanence of a long-term memory.

Transience is based on the idea that

long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time.

Front 38

forgetting curve

Back 38

a graph plotting the amount of retention

and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, such as a list of nonsense syllables.

The typical forgetting curve is steep at first,

becoming flatter as time goes on

Front 39

proactive interference

Back 39

a cause of forgetting by which previously

stored information prevents learning and

remembering new information

Front 40

retroactive interference

Back 40

a cause of forgetting by which newly learned

information prevents retrieval of previously stored material

Front 41

serial position effect

Back 41

a form of interference related to the

sequence in which information is

presented. Generally, items in the middle

of the sequence or less well remembered

than items presented first or last.

Front 42

absent-mindedness

Back 42

forgetting caused by lapses in attention

Front 43

blocking

Back 43

forgetting that occurs when an item in

memory cannot be accessed or retrieved.

Blocking is caused by interference.

Front 44

misattribution

Back 44

a memory fault that occurs when memories

are retrieved but are associated with the

wrong time, place, or person.

Front 45

suggestibility

Back 45

the process of memory distortion as the

result of deliberate or inadvertent

suggestion

Front 46

misinformation effect

Back 46

the distortion of memory by suggestion or

misinformation

Front 47

whole method

Back 47

the mnemonic strategy of first approaching

the material to be learned "as a whole,"

forming an impression of the overall meaning

of the material. The details are later associated with this overall impression

Front 48

distributed learning

Back 48

a technique whereby the learner spaces

learning sessions over time rather than

trying to learn the material all in one study

period

Front 49

natural language mediator

Back 49

word associated with new information to be

remembered

Front 50

method of loci

Back 50

a mnemonic technique that involves

associating items on a list with a sequence

of familiar physical locations

Front 51

mnemonic strategy

Back 51

technique for improving memory, especially

by making connections between new material and information already present in long-term memory.

Front 52

persistence

Back 52

memory problem in which unwanted

memories cannot be put out of mind

Front 53

self-consistency bias

Back 53

the commonly held idea that we are more

consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and

beliefs than we actually are.

Front 54

expectancy bias

Back 54

the unconscious tendency to remember

events as being congruent with out

expectations