Psychology

Front 1

The period in conditioning during which a response is strengthened.

Back 1

Acquisition

Front 2

Events that precede a response.

Back 2

Antecedents

Front 3

The formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses.

Back 3

Associative learning

Front 4

A formal agreement stating behaviors to be changed and consequences that apply.

Back 4

Behavioral contract

Front 5

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli.

Back 5

Classical conditioning

Front 6

Higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation.

Back 6

Cognitive learning

Front 7

Internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze, city, campus, and so forth) that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal.

Back 7

Cognitive map

Front 8

An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning.

Back 8

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Front 9

A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Back 9

Conditioned response (CR)

Front 10

A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 10

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 11

Effects that follow a response.

Back 11

Consequences

Front 12

Learning based on insight and understanding.

Back 12

Discovery learning

Front 13

Stimuli that precede rewarded and nonrewarded responses in operant conditioning.

Back 13

Discriminative stimuli

Front 14

Learning to make a response in order to end an aversive stimulus.

Back 14

Escape learning

Front 15

An anticipation concerning future events or relationships.

Back 15

Expectancy

Front 16

The weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement.

Back 16

Extinction

Front 17

Learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort.

Back 17

Avoidance learning

Front 18

Information returned to a person about the effects a response has had; also known as knowledge of results.

Back 18

Feedback

Front 19

A reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced.

Back 19

Fixed interval (FI) schedule

Front 20

A set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example, a reinforcer is given for every four correct responses.

Back 20

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule

Front 21

Classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning; that is, a CS is used as if it were a US.

Back 21

Higher order conditioning

Front 22

Perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in the environment.

Back 22

Informational view (of conditioning)

Front 23

Informational feedback.

Back 23

Knowledge of results (KR)

Front 24

Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided.

Back 24

Latent learning

Front 25

Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not.

Back 25

Law of effect

Front 26

Any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience.

Back 26

Learning

Front 27

A person who serves as an example in observational learning.

Back 27

Model (in learning)

Front 28

Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made.

Back 28

Negative punishment (Response cost)

Front 29

Occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event.

Back 29

Negative reinforcement

Front 30

Learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions.

Back 30

Observational learning (modeling)

Front 31

Learning based on the consequences of responding.

Back 31

Operant conditioning

Front 32

An apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals.

Back 32

Operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box)

Front 33

The weakening or disappearance of a nonreinforced operant response.

Back 33

Operant extinction

Front 34

Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows.

Back 34

Operant reinforcer

Front 35

The tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with nonreward are present.

Back 35

Operant stimulus discrimination

Front 36

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement.

Back 36

Operant stimulus generalization

Front 37

A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced.

Back 37

Partial reinforcement

Front 38

Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response.

Back 38

Positive punishment (Punishment)

Front 39

Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event.

Back 39

Positive reinforcement

Front 40

Any high-frequency response can be used to reinforce a low-frequency response.

Back 40

Premack principle

Front 41

Nonlearned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs.

Back 41

Primary reinforcers

Front 42

Any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners.

Back 42

Programmed instruction

Front 43

Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response.

Back 43

Punishment

Front 44

An innate, automatic response to a stimulus; for example, an eyeblink.

Back 44

Reflex

Front 45

The assembly of separate responses into a series of actions that lead to reinforcement.

Back 45

Response chaining

Front 46

Learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules.

Back 46

Rote learning

Front 47

A rule or plan for determining which responses will be reinforced.

Back 47

Schedule of reinforcement

Front 48

A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer.

Back 48

Secondary reinforcer

Front 49

Self-management based on keeping records of response frequencies.

Back 49

Self-recording

Front 50

Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern.

Back 50

Shaping

Front 51

Reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person.

Back 51

Social reinforcer

Front 52

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Back 52

Spontaneous recovery

Front 53

Stimuli present when an operant response is acquired tend to control when and where the response is made.

Back 53

Stimulus control

Front 54

The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli.

Back 54

Stimulus discrimination

Front 55

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus.

Back 55

Stimulus generalization

Front 56

A behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary.

Back 56

Superstitious behavior

Front 57

Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed.

Back 57

Systematic desensitization

Front 58

A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, and the like.

Back 58

Token reinforcer

Front 59

An innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 59

Unconditioned response (UR)

Front 60

A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response.

Back 60

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Front 61

A reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced.

Back 61

Variable interval (VI) schedule

Front 62

A varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example, a reinforcer is given after three to seven correct responses; the actual number changes randomly.

Back 62

Variable ratio (VR) schedule

Front 63

Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus.

Back 63

Vicarious classical conditioning

Front 64

A stimulus that does not evoke a response.

Back 64

Neutral stimulus (NS)