Psychology 8 To 14

Front 1

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Back 1

Cognition

Front 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)

Back 2

Concept

Front 3

A prototype is a

Back 3

the item that is most typical and representative of the category

Front 4

With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

Back 4

A robin is a bird.

Front 5

An algorithm is a(n)

Back 5

methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.

Front 6

A fixation is most likely to inhibit

Back 6

Creativity

Front 7

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

Back 7

Intuitions

Front 8

A reliance on quick, intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use of

Back 8

Heuristics

Front 9

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

Back 9

availability heuristic.

Front 10

Han overestimates the number of family chores he does because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of

Back 10

the availability heuristic

Front 11

When Larina started college, she was certain that she would never smoke marijuana. By the end of her freshman year, however, Larina had used this drug several times. Larina's experience best illustrates

Back 11

Overconfidence

Front 12

An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

Back 12

Belief perseverance

Front 13

Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that it evokes a desired judgment is called

Back 13

Framing

Front 14

Consumers respond more positively to hamburger advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

Back 14

Framing

Front 15

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

Back 15

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Front 16

For a person deprived of water, the satisfaction that follows drinking a thirst-quenching beverage best illustrates

Back 16

Drive reduction

Front 17

Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger. Their behavior is best explained by the

Back 17

Drive reduction theory

Front 18

Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called

Back 18

Incentives

Front 19

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

Back 19

Arousal Theory

Front 20

The recipes commonly used in countries with hot climates are more likely to include ________ that slow the growth of bacteria than those in countries with colder climates.

Back 20

Spices

Front 21

By highlighting the ecology of eating, psychologists focus on the fact that food consumption often depends on

Back 21

situational influences

Front 22

Judy found that her party guests ate less from a very large plate of cupcakes that were cut in half rather than whole. This best illustrates the importance of

Back 22

Serving size

Front 23

When offered as many servings of ice cream as they would like to eat, people are likely to eat more if they are

Back 23

offered servings from a wide variety rather than a small variety of ice cream flavors

Front 24

A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing

Back 24

Stored Energy

Front 25

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by

Back 25

Stanley schachter and Jerome singer

Front 26

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

Back 26

a cognitive label and physical arousal

Front 27

In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that

Back 27

our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal

Front 28

The lingering arousal associated with one emotional state can intensify a completely different state of emotion. This is called

Back 28

the spillover effect

Front 29

While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are

Back 29

Stress reaction

Front 30

In surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, 58 percent of Americans reported experiencing heightened symptoms of

Back 30

Anxiety

Front 31

Those who experience significant daily hassles such as perceived discrimination and unreachable goals are especially likely to experience

Back 31

reduced physical health.

Front 32

In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by

Back 32

the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 33

AIDS is caused by

Back 33

A viral infection

Front 34

Rodents who experienced inescapable restraint were more prone to developing cancer if they had previously received implanted

Back 34

Tumor cells

Front 35

Coronary heart disease involves

Back 35

the clogging of blood vessels

Front 36

The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by

Back 36

High blood pressure

Front 37

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities.

Back 37

Type A

Front 38

The perception that our fate is determined by chance reflects

Back 38

an external locus of control.

Front 39

Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control.

Back 39

More;Less

Front 40

A belief in free will is most likely to be associated with

Back 40

an internal locus of control.

Front 41

The ability to delay immediate gratification of our impulses best illustrates

Back 41

self-control.

Front 42

People who typically anticipate that their outcomes in life will be negative best illustrate

Back 42

Pessimism

Front 43

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

Back 43

Personality

Front 44

The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to

Back 44

psychodynamic theories

Front 45

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

Back 45

conscious and unconscious mental processes

Front 46

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by

Back 46

Freud

Front 47

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his

Back 47

Id

Front 48

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.

Back 48

Pleasure

Front 49

According to Freud, the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment is the

Back 49

Superego

Front 50

Janine is disgusted by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's

Back 50

Superego

Front 51

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is

Back 51

rationalization.

Front 52

Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of

Back 52

Displacement

Front 53

Refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as

Back 53

Denial

Front 54

The projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective.

Back 54

psychoanalytic

Front 55

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for

Back 55

self-actualization

Front 56

Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is (are) a central feature of personality.

Back 56

Self-concept

Front 57

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

Back 57

Social Psychology

Front 58

In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate

Back 58

fundamental attribution error.

Front 59

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

Back 59

belief-based feelings

Front 60

Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that

Back 60

actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.

Front 61

Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?

Back 61

cognitive dissonance theory

Front 62

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as

Back 62

the chameleon effect

Front 63

Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

Back 63

Conformity

Front 64

Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if

Back 64

he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team

Front 65

To study social facilitation, Norman Triplett observed adolescents while they were

Back 65

winding fishing reels

Front 66

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to

Back 66

perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others

Front 67

Professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best illustrates

Back 67

social facilitation

Front 68

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as

Back 68

social loafing.

Front 69

When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she

Back 69

developed more aggressive tendencies.

Front 70

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by

Back 70

reinforcement.

Front 71

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors is most clearly an indication of

Back 71

a psychological disorder.

Front 72

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are major symptoms of

Back 72

ADHD

Front 73

Which of the following disorders most often coexists with a learning disorder or with defiant and temper-prone behavior?

Back 73

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Front 74

The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections served to encourage the acceptance of

Back 74

THE MEDICAL MODEL

Front 75

Some psychologists believe that due partly to a broader definition of trauma, mental health professionals have been overdiagnosing

Back 75

PTSD

Front 76

Most combat-stressed soldiers do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor

Back 76

Resiliency

Front 77

According to the ________, anxiety is sometimes produced by the submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses.

Back 77

psychoanalytic perspective

Front 78

Those who suggest that phobias are learned would be most likely to emphasize the role of ________ in the onset of anxiety disorders.

Back 78

classical conditioning

Front 79

Those with alcohol use disorder are likely to experience symptoms of ________ when alcohol use is suspended

Back 79

withdrawal

Front 80

Angela refuses to cut back on her daily excessive wine consumption even though it interferes with her ability to function effectively at work and school. Angela is most clearing suffering from

Back 80

alcohol use disorder.

Front 81

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?

Back 81

barbiturates

Front 82

Morphine and heroin are

Back 82

Opiates

Front 83

After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Merri experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her body. Merri most likely experienced the effects of

Back 83

LSD

Front 84

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.

Back 84

marijuana; hallucinogen

Front 85

The treatment of serious psychological disorders with prescribed medications or medical procedures that directly influence the nervous system is called

Back 85

biomedical therapy.

Front 86

An eclectic approach to psychotherapy is one that

Back 86

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Front 87

The first major psychological therapy was introduced by

Back 87

Sigmund Freud.

Front 88

Transference refers to a client's

Back 88

expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships.

Front 89

Psychodynamic therapy is ________ than traditional psychoanalysis.

Back 89

briefer

Front 90

Insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by

Back 90

increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

Front 91

Which form of therapy most directly encourages clients to question their interpretations, decatastrophize their thinking, and take more appropriate responsibility for past outcomes?

Back 91

cognitive therapy

Front 92

An integrative therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and dysfunctional actions is known as

Back 92

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Front 93

Clients have been found to benefit from participating in ________ over the Internet.

Back 93

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Front 94

Which form of therapy has most directly contributed to the sharp reduction in the number of residents in U.S. mental hospitals?

Back 94

drug therapy

Front 95

When testing a new drug, researchers control for a placebo effect by using

Back 95

the double-blind technique.

Front 96

Double-blind studies enable researchers to assess the extent to which drug therapy outcomes are due to

Back 96

the placebo effect.

Front 97

Most combat-stressed veterans do not later exhibit posttraumatic stress disorder. This best illustrates

Back 97

resilience.

Front 98

Positive psychological changes that result from struggling with extremely challenging life crises demonstrate

Back 98

post traumatic growth.