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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define personality |
the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s responses to life situations |
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three characteristics of thoughts, feelings, and actions |
Behavioral components of identity, caused by internal rather than external factors, organized and structured |
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define id, ego, and superego |
instincts- totally unconscious. Acts on pleasure principle, act on pleasure avoid pain. 2.develops as children learn constraint. Acts on reality principle- checks demands of id’s pleasure against real world possibility. 3. moral component of personality. “conscience” |
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what are defense mechanisms and some examples. |
technique used to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem. projection, regression, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, sublimation. |
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What do object relations theories say about personality and behavior? |
Focus on images or mental representation that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with caregivers. |
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How does Rogers define the self? What is self-actualization? |
Organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself. Forces that direct behavior are within us- when not blocked. |
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What are personality traits? |
Relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others |
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what is the five factor model |
Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. |
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What are the three reasons it is difficult to predict behavior across situations based on personality traits? |
Traits interact with other traits and characteristics of situation. Importance of trait to person influences consistency. Self monitoring- regulating behavior to accommodate social situations |
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How much influence do genetics seem to have on personality? How important is family environment? Personal experience? |
Based on twin studies, 40-50% of trait variance accounted for by genetics. Family environment isn’t as important as personal experience. |
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What is Eysenck’s theory of personality |
Argued two dimensions of personality: introversion-extraversion, stability-instability (neuroticism). Based on neurological patterns of arousal.if chronically over aroused= extreme introvert, underaroused= extrovert. If shifts large and sudden= unstable, small and gradual= stable. |
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What is reciprocal determinism? How does it apply to personality? |
Environment interacts with the person (cognitive) to produce personality. Each factor influences and is influenced by the others. |
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What factors does Rotter say influence behavior? |
Locus of control: expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives. Internal (in control) and external (not in control) |
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What is self-efficacy? |
Beliefs concerning ability to perform behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes. |
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What 4 factors does Bandura say affect self-efficacy? |
Previous performance experiences in similar situations, observational learning- if others similar to ourselves can accomplish a goal, we are likely to believe we can too, verbal persuasion- messages from others that confirm or downgrade our abilities, emotional arousal- being able to control increases efficacy |
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What are behavioral signatures? |
Consistent ways of responding in particular classes of situations. Based on internal interpretation, shows coherence of personality. |
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What are the different types of interviews used in personality assessment? |
Structured interviews: contain specific questions sets that are administered to every participant. Unstructured: tailored to particular individual and situation |
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What is behavioral assessment? |
Psychologists devise explicit coding system that contains the behavioral categories of interest. |
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What is remote behavior sampling? |
Self-report samples of behavior collected from respondents as they live their daily lives. |
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What are the two ways items are developed for personality scales? |
Rational theoretical approach: items based on theorist’s conception of personality trait to be measured. Empirical approach: items chosen because each item answered differently by groups of people known to differ in the personality characteristic of interest. |
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What is the MMPI-2? |
Consists of 567 self statements answered true or false. Statements describe physical concerns; Most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult psychopathology |
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What are projective personality tests? What do they propose to measure? |
Rorschach test: asked to describe what is seen in inkblot; look at themes and images, better for kids. Thematic apperception test; make up dramatic stories about pictures, thought to reflect own circumstances. Not considered reliable or valid |
