Psychology

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Conditioning

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a type of learning that involves stimulus- response connections, in which the response is conditional on the stimulus

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Classical conditioning

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a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response when that neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that normally causes an unconditioned response

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Unconditioned stimulus

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unconditioned stimulusin classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned, automatic response

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Unconditioned response

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in classical conditioning, an unlearned, automatic response

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Conditioned response

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a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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Conditioned stimulus

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a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response

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Taste aversion

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a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation

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Extinction

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in classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus

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Spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed

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Generalization

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the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics

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Discrimination

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(1) in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from other stimuli that are similar (2) unfair treatment of a person or group based on prejudice

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Flooding

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a fear-reduction technique based on the principles of classical conditioning that involves exposing the individual to a harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished

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Systematic desensitization

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a type of counterconditioning, used to treat phobias, in which a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

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Counterconditioning

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a therapy procedure based on classical conditioning that replaces a negative response to a stimulus with a positive response

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Opperant conditioning

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learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement

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Reinforcement

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a stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response

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Primary reinforcers

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stimuli, such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement value without learning

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Secondary reinforcers

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stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their association with a primary reinforcer

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Positive reinforcers

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encouraging stimuli that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are presented

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Negative reinforcers

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unpleasant stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior when they are removed

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Schedule of reinforcement

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a timetable for when and how often reinforcement for a particular behavior occurs

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Continuous reinforcement

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the reinforcement of a desired response every time it occurs

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Partial reinforcement

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a type of conditioned learning in which only some of the responses are reinforced

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Shaping

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in operant conditioning, a procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer approximations of the desired goal

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Chaining

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in operant conditioning, combining the steps of a sequence to progress toward a final action