Psychology

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motivation

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the urge to move toward one's goals; to accomplish tasks

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needs

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inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives

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incentive

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any external object or event that motivates behavior

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homeostasis

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the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point

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drives

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the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension

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set point

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the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature

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Yerkes-Dodson law

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the principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

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self-actualization

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the inherent drive to realize one's full potential

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glucose

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a simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain

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sexual behavior

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actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm

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sexual orientation

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the disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual).

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achievement motivation

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a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles

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extrinsic motivation

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motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises

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intrinsic motivation

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motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy

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perceived organizational support

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employees' beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being

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emotions

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brief, acute changes in conscious experience and psychology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation

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moods

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affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions

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affective traits

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stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses

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basic emotions

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set of emotions that are common to all humans; includes anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

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self-conscious emotions

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types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society's rules

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broaden-and-build model

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Fredrickson's model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills

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antecedent event

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a situation that may lead to an emotional response

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appraisal

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the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare; drives the process by which emotions are elicted

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emotion regulation

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the cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions

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expressive suppression

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a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion

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reappraisal

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an emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results

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emotional response

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the physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated

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Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

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a widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face

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Duchenne smile

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a smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye

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universal

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term referring to something that is common to all human beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world

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subjective experience of emotion

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the changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses

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James-Lange theory of emotion

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the idea that it is the perception of physiological changes that accompany emotions that produce the subjective emotional experience

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Add to dictionary theory of emotion

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Ekman's explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation, are culturally derived

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display rules

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learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them

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emotional intelligence

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the ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others