Psychology

Front 1

Use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses.

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Cognitive interview

Front 2

Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain.

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Consolidation

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Reorganizing or updating memories on the basis of logic, reasoning, or the addition of new information.

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Constructive processing

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A graph that shows the amount of memorized information remembered after varying lengths of time.

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Curve of forgetting

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That part of long-term memory containing specific factual information.

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Declarative memory

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Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.

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Disuse

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A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.

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Echo

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The ability to retain a “projected” mental image long enough to use it as a source of information.

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Eidetic imagery

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Rehearsal that links new information with existing memories and knowledge.

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Elaborative rehearsal

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An electric current passed directly through the brain, producing a convulsion.

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Electroconvulsive shock (ECS)

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Converting information into a form in which it will be retained in memory.

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Encoding

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Failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory.

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Encoding failure

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A “memory trace” in the brain.

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Engram

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A subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places.

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Episodic memory

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A memory that a person is aware of having; a memory that is consciously retrieved.

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Explicit memory

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A feeling that allows people to predict beforehand whether they will be able to remember something.

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Feeling of knowing

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Memories created at times of high emotion that seem especially vivid.

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Flashbulb memories

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A brain structure associated with emotion and the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

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Hippocampus

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A mental image or visual representation.

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Icon

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A memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously.

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Implicit memory

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Meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases.

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Information bits

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Information bits grouped into larger units.

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Information chunks

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The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse.

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Interference

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Mental images or visual depictions used in memory and thinking.

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Internal images

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As an aid to memory, using a familiar word or image to link two items.

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Keyword method

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The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information.

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Long-term memory (LTM

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Silently repeating or mentally reviewing information to hold it in short-term memory.

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Maintenance rehearsal

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A practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption.

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Massed practice

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The mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information.

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Memory

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Any stimulus associated with a particular memory. Memory cues usually enhance retrieval.

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Memory cue

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The fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker.

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Memory decay

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Any task designed to test or assess memory.

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Memory task

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Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that take place when memories are stored.

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Memory traces

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Any kind of memory system or aid.

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Mnemonic

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Mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another.

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Negative transfer

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A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information.

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Network model

Front 37

Mastery of one task aids learning or performing another.

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Positive transfer

Front 38

Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories.

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Priming

Front 39

The tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.

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Proactive interference

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Long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills.

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Procedural memory

Front 41

To supply or reproduce memorized information with a minimum of external cues.

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Recall

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Reorganizing or modifying information to assist storage in memory.

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Recoding

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An ability to correctly identify previously learned information

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Recognition memory

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Memories that are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories.

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Redintegrative memories

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Learning again something that was previously learned. Used to measure memory of prior learning.

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Relearning

Front 46

Unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness.

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Repression

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Recovering information from storage in memory.

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Retrieval

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The tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories.

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Retroactive interference

Front 49

A subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world.

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Semantic memory

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The first stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less

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Sensory memory

Front 51

The tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list.

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Serial position effect

Front 52

The memory system used to hold small amounts of information for relatively brief time periods.

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Short-term memory (STM)

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A practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests.

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Spaced practice

Front 54

Memory influenced by one’s bodily state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval. Improved memory occurs when the bodily states match

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State-dependent learning

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Holding information in memory for later use.

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Storage

Front 56

A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness.

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Suppression

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The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable

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Tip-of-the-tongue state

Front 58

Another name for short-term memory, especially when it is used for thinking and problem solving

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Working memory