Psychology

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Psychology

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Is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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Behavoir

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Is any action that other people can observe or measure.

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Cognitive activities

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These activities include dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories.

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Psychological constructs

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Used to talk about something we cannot see, touch, or measure directly.

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Theory

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As a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do.

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Principle

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Is a rule or law, such st the principle that you will probably get better grades if you study more.

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Basic research

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Is research that has no immediate application and is done for its own sake.

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Introspection

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"Looking within"

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Association

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Experiences often remind us of similar experiences of the past.

Ex Face of a loved one makes us feel secure.

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Structuralism

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Basic element or conscious sensations such as cited in taste objective Sensations site sensations. (Wilhelm Wundt)

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Functionalism

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Different from structuralism in several ways.behavior observation in laboratory as well as inspection. (William James)

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Behavioralism

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Like physics or chemistry, it must be limited to observational measurable events.

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Gestalt psychology

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Is based on the ideas that perceptions are most then sums of their parts.

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Psychoanalysis

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Emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior. (

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Chodynamic thinking

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Most of what exist in individuals mine is unconscious and consists of conflicting inpulses ,urges and wishes. (Sigmund Freud) Freud's theory, has become a part of popular culture. Ex ever tried to figure out the meaning of a dream you had.

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Biological perspective

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Emphasizes the influence of biology in our behavior.

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Evolutionary perspective

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Focuses on the evolution of our behavior and mental processes.

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Cognitive perspective

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Behavior is influenced by their values their perceptions and their choices

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Human perspective

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Stresses that human capacity for self fulfillment in the importance of consciousness self-awareness and capacity to make choices

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Psychoanalytic perspective

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Stresses influence of unconscious forces on human behavior

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Learning perspective

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Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior

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Social learning theory

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Suggests that people can change their environments or create new ones

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Socialcultural perspective

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Studies that influences of mixed gender culture in the socio economic status on behavior and mental processes

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Ethnic group

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Are united by their cultural heritage, race language, or common history

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The Goals of Psycology

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Observe, describe, explain, predict, and control the events they study. Psychologists have the same goals they observe and describe behavior and mental processes to better understand them.

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Psychology as a science

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Is social science that includes history, anthropology, economics,political science, and sociology.

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Clinical Psychologists

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Help people with psychological problems, such as anxiety or depression, or severe psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia.

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Counseling Psychologists

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Like clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists use interviews and test to identify their clients problems. They help their clients clarify their goals, overcome their adjustment problems, and meet challenges.

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School Psychologists

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Identify and help students who have problems that interface with learning. Typical problems that school psychologist deal with include peer group and family problems, psychological problems, and learning disorders.

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Educational Psychologists

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Concerned with helping students learn. Their research interests include the ways in which learning is affected by the following.

Psychological factors(Motivation, emotions, creativity and intelligence.

Cultural factors(Beiliefs)

Economic factors(Level of income of the person's family.

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Development Psychologists

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Study the changes that occur in a person's life span. These changes can be of the following types.

Physical(Weight,height, adolescent growth, sexual maturity, physical aspects of aging.)

Emotional, Cognitive, and Social.

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Personality Psychologists

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Identify characteristics or traits. shyness and friendliness are examples. they are concerned with issues such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles.

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Social Psychologists

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Concerned with people's behavior in social situations.

Focus on external influences. Way men and women act together. Physical and psychological factors that attract people from another. The reasons people tend to conform to group standards, and expectations. How people's behavior changes when they are members of a group. The reasons for and the effects of prejudice and discrimination within various groups and from one group to another. The situations in which people act aggressively and those in which help others.

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Industrial and Organization Psychologists

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Focus on people and work. Do psychological tests for job applicants conduct research for job satisfaction.

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Environmental Psychologists

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They focus on the ways in which people influence and are influenced by their physical environment. concerned with ways cities and building, serve or fail human needs.

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Consumer Psychologists

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Study behavior of shoppers and predict their behavior. They use advertisements to get buyer's attention.

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Forensic Pychologists

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Wants expert witness to testify whether or not person is accused of a crime.

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Health Psychologists

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Examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health. Like headaches and heart disease.

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Goals of Pyschology

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Scientists seek to observe, describe, explain, predict, and control the events they study. Psychologists have the same goals. They observe and describe the behavior and mental processes to better understand them.