Psychology

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Gender schema theory

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the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and the adjust their behavior accordingly

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Social learning theory

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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

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Gender-typing

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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

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Gender identity

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one’s sense of being male or female

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Gender role

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a set of expected behaviors for males and for females

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Role

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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave

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Testosterone

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the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex hormones in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

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Y chromosome

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a sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an x sex chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

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X chromosome

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the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two x chromosomes. Males have one. An x chromosome from each parents produces a female child.

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Memes

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self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person

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Personal space

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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

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Norm

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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

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Culture

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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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Molecular genetics

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the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

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Interaction

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the dependence of the affect of one factor (such as environment) on another factor (such as heredity).

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Heritability

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the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

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Temperament

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a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

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Fraternal twins

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twins who develop from separate eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

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Identical twins

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twins who develop in a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

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Environment

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every non genetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

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Behavior genetics

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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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Gender

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in Psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.

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Evolutionary psychology

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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. Natural selection has favored genes that designed both behavioral tendencies and information processing systems that solve adapted problems face by our ancestors, thus contributing to the survival and spread of their genes.

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Mutation

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a random error in gene replication that leads to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity.

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Natural selection

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the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

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Genome

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the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material and its chromosomes. The human genome has 3 billion weakly bonded pairs of nucleotides organized as coiled chains of DNA.

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Genes

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the biochemical unit of heredity that makes up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up a chromosome. (A DNA molecule has two strands—forming a “double helix” held together by bonds between pairs of n ucleotides.)

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Chromosomes

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threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.