Psychology

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Memory

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The persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval.

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Recall

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Retaining information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time.

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Recognition

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identifying items previously learned.

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Relearning

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learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time.

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A fill in the blank question

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recall

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A multiple choice question

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recognition

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studying for an exam

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Relearning

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Encode

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Get information into our brains. i.e extraction meaning.

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Storage

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Retain information over time

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Retrieval

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Later get information back.

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Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

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Created the Memory model without working memory.

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Sensory Memory

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The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

We first record to-be remembered information as fleeting sensory memory

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Short term Memory

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Activated memory that hold a few items briefly before the info is stored or forgotten.

We them process information into short-term memory where we encode it through rehersal

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Working memory

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A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious pactice processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and information retrieved from long term memory

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Long term memory

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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system i.e knowledge, skills and experience.

information finally moves into long term memory for later retrieval.

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Shallow Processing

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Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

i.e words letters or words sounds.

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Deep Processing

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Encodes semantically based on the meaning of the words: tends to yield the best retention.

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What is the difference between AUTOMATIC and EFFORTFUL processing?

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Automatic processing occurs unconsciously for things such as sequence and frequency of days events. Effortful requires attention and awareness and happens when work hard to learn for a class.

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At which of Atkinson-shiffrins three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?

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Sensory Memory

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Explicit Memory

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Memory of Facts and Experiences. (declarative memories)

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Effortful Processing

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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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Automatic Processing

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Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time and frequency.

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Implicit Memories

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Retention independent or conscious recollection.

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Automatic processing and Implicit Memories

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Include procedural memories for automatic skills and classical conditioned association

space

time

frequency

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Effortful and Explicit Memories

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George Sperling flashed a group of letters to which people recalled only half but recalled accurately when a tone sounded after the letters.

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Iconic Memory

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A fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli

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Echoic memory

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A fleeting sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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Capacity for short term

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7 + or - 2 and a duration of 20 seconds

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Chunking

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Organizing items into familiar managable units

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mnemonics

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memory aids, vivid imagery

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Hierarchies

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Concepts Divided and Subdivided

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Spacing Effect

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Long distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than achieved through mass studying

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Testing effect

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Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than rereading information