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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Glial (glia) Calls functions?
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-insulate neurons
-Help supply nutrtion to neurons -Help remove waste from neurons |
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What are Sensory Neurons?
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Recieves signals from outside the nervous system
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What are Motor Neurons?
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Carries information from the nervous system to the muscles and glands
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What are Interneurons?
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Communicates only with other neurons- "largest amount in humans"
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What is the function of the Dendrites?
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Recieve messages from other cells
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What is the function of the Cell Body?
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The cells life support system
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What is the function of the Axons?
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Transmits messages away from cell body to other neurons, or to muscles or glands.
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What is the function of the Myelin Sheath?
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-Fatty tissue, encasing the fibers of many neurons
-Speeds up transmission of the neural message -Loss of myelin can result in multiple sclerosis (ms) |
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What is an Ion?
-Negative? -Positive? |
Charged particles
-more electrons than protons -more protons than electrons |
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At rest, which side of the axon (inside or outside) is more positive?
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Outside
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What are Action Potentials?
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A brief reversal in an axon's electrical charge
-Outside becomes negative, inside becomes positive: -The neural message travels down the axon |
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What is the Refractory Period?
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A brief period (1-2 msec) after an action potential during which another action potential CANNOT occur.
-Prevents action potentials from going toward cell body -Limits action potentail to about 1000 per sec |
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What is All-or-Nothing Transmission?
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Either the action potential occurs or it doesn't.
-No big or small firings -All the same size -Message is the same number of firings per second |
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What is a Threshold?
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The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
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What are neurotransmitters?
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Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gas between neurons
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What is Agonists?
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Chemical that facilitates the action of a neuron
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What is Antagonists?
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Chmical that blocks or inhibits the effects of a neurotransmitter
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What is the Synapse?
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The junction between the axon top of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the recieving neuron
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What is the Synaptic Gap (Cleft)?
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Tiny gap at the junction
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What are the Receptors?
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Protein molecules on the dendrites or cell body of a neuron that interact only with specific neurotransmitters
-Like a lock and key -Opens up channels that allow ions to rush in |
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What is the Synaptic Vesicle?
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Sacks that store neurotransmitter
-Action potential transports vesicles towards the synapse -Vesicles fusses with the buttons membrane -Releases neurotransmitters into the gap -Neurotransmitters binds to a receptor |
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What is Reuptake?
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Neurotransmitter is transported beck to sending neuron for recycling
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How are Acetylcholine and Alzheimer's Disease related?
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Acetylcholine neurons die off in Alzheimer's Disease
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How are Dopamine, Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia related?
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-Dopamine is low in Parkinson's Disease
-There is too much Dopamine in some parts of the brain in Schizophrenia |
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Why is L-Dopa used to treat Parkiinson's Disease rather than Dopamine?
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Because L-Dopa gets passed the blood-brain barrier
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How are Prozac and Serotonin related?
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Prozac is taken to create SRRI: Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor
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What are Endorphins?
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Reduce pain
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What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
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The sensory and motor neuron that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
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What are Nerves?
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Bundles of Axons rounded together through the Peripheral NS
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What is Somatic Nervous System?
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Controls the body's skeletal muscles
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What is the Automatic Nervous System?
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Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs
-Communicates with endocrine system |
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What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?
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Arouses the body, mobilizing it's energy in stressful situations
-"Fight or Flight responce |
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What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
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Calms the body conserving it's energy
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What is the Central Nervous System?
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The Brain and Spinal chord
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What is the Blood-Brain Barrier?
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Semi-permiabe membrane that prevents some chemicals from passing to the brain
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What are the Methods of Studying the Brain?
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-Clinical Observations
-Manipulate the Brain -Electrical Activity -Neuroimaging |
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Which shows the structure of the brain?
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-CT (Computerized Tomography)
-MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) |
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Which type of scan shows the activity of the brain?
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PET- (Positron Emission Tomography)
FMRI- (Functional MRI) |
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What is the Medulla?
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Controls heart beat and breathing
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What is the Medulla Ritcular Formation?
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-Relays information to the upper part of the brain
-Involved in controling breathing, heartbeat, blood presure, swallowing, unrination, movement of the face and tongue |
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What is the Cerebellum?
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Cordinates voluntary movement
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What is the Thalamus?
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Part of the brain where your senses get relayed
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What is the Hypothalamus?
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Controls pituitary gland, involved in hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual behavior
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What is the Limbic System?
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Involved in emotion, memory, and motivation
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What is the Hippocampus?
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-Consolidating some types of memory
-H.M |
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What is the general function of the Cortex of the Brain?
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Convoluted outer area of the Brain
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Why is the brain convoluted?
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Because it is the biggest band of tissue in the corpus callosum
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What is the Occipital Lobe?
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Primary visual cortex
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What is the Parietal Lobe?
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Sensory cortex
-Left hempisphere process right side of the body |
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What is the Frontal Lobe?
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-Motor cortex
-Broca's area- |
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What is the Temporal Lobe?
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-Primary Auditory cortx
-Wernickies Area |
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What is Broca's Area?
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-Speech
-Usually left hemisphere -Extreme frontal area: Phineas Gage |
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What is Wernicke's Area?
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Involved with comprehension of speech
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What is Wernikies Aphasia?
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-Articulate, but have poor comprehension of speech. Repition of speech, don't make sense
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What is a Split Brain Operation?
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Two hemispheres are are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers
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What functions are associated with the Left Hemisphere?
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Active with language, logic, math
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What functions are associated with the Right Hemisphere?
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Spacial tasks, music, visual recognition
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Is right-brained and left-brained a valied and relaible way to describe a persons personality?
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No,there are better ways to describe ability and personality
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What is Bottom-up Processing?
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Analysis that begins with sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
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What is Top-down Processing?
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information processing guided by higher level mental processes
-expereince, expectations |
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What is sensation?
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detecting energy from the enviorment and encoding it as neural signals
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What is Perception?
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Selecting, organizing and interpreting sensations
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What is Abosolute Treshold?
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The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
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What is Difference Threshold?
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The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
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What is Weber's Law?
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To be detected as different two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
Change in intensity ___________________ = Constant Original Intensity |
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What is the Signal Detection Theory?
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Attempts to predict how and when the presence of a faint stimulus (the signal)is detected against backround noise
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What is a Hit?
What is a Miss? |
Signal is present --> detected
Signal is present --> not detected |
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Signal Detection Theory:
What is Correct Rejection? |
Signal not present --> not detected
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Signal Detection Theory:
What is False Alarm? |
Signal not present --> mistakenly detected
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What is Sublininal Stimulation?
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Perciving something below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness
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Does it exist?
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Yes
-unconsiously sense message under some conditions -the message has a strong effect on behavior, the message its self is weak |
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What is its effect?
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Strong on behavior, but the message its self is weak
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Visual System?
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Most studied sense
-Stimulus is light |
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Visual light system:
Wavelegnth? |
Distance from one wave to the next
-related to color |
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Visual light system:
Amplitude? |
The hight of a wave
-related to brightness |
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What is Transjunction?
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Conservation of one form of energy into another
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What is Transjunction in sensation?
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Transforming of stimulus energy into neural signals
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Eye:
What is the location and function of the Cornea? |
-The trasparent outer covering of the eye
-Where light first enters |
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Eye:
What is the location and function of the Iris? |
-A ring of muscle
-Light goes through |
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Eye:
What is the location and funcation of the Pupil? |
-An adjustable hole in the iris
-regulates the amount of light entering the eye |
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Eye:
What will cause the size of the pupil to change? |
The more intense the light the smaller the pupil
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Why did women put belladona on their eyes?
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The belladona would dialate their pupils for a certain amount of time, them thinking it made them look more attractive
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Are women with large pupils more physically attractive?
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No, just friendlier looking
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How was whether men are attracted to women with less or more dialated pupils tested?
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Men were shown 2 pictures:
-one with a girl with dialated pupils -and one of the same girl with small pupils |
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Eye:
What is the location and function of the Lens? |
-Located behind the pupil
-Focuses light entered into the eye |
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Eye:
What is the location and function of the Retina? |
-Light sensitive inner surface of the eye
-Absorbes light, starts processing of the image, and contains the receptors of vision |
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Eye:
What is the location and function of the Fovea? |
-Located in the center of the macula region of the retina
-The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision, which is necessary in humans for reading |
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Eye:
What are the differences between rods and cones? |
-Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels, and have a low spatial acuity
-Cones are active at higher light levels, are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity |
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Eye:
What are floaters? |
Bits of material in the eye that cast a shadow on the retnia
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What is the main visual pathway?
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Retnia -> Thalamus -> Occipital lobe
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What is the trichromatic process theory of color?
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Retnia has 3 different color receptors:
1. most sensitive to "red" wavelegnths 2. most sensitive to "green" wavelegnths 3. most sensitive to "blue" wavelengths -other colors are a combination of these colors |
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How are action potentials started?
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By a neural stimulus sorta thing
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How are Acytlcholine and voluntary muscles related?
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Acytlcholine has a part in voluntary movement
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What is the Cerebral Spinal Fluid system?
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Fluid that runs down your spinal chord that flushes out harmful things.
-Protects the central nervous system |
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Why is a split brain opperation performed?
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To decrease ceasures and strokes
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What did the split brian opperation show about the identification of vision and language?
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It showed the right side of the brian is conected to the left eye, and that language is not souly one hemisphere, its in both.
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What did the results of Phineas Gage show?
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It showed that the majority of personality is in the frontal lobe, where the metal iron went through his head, and its not essentail to life
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What did the results of H.M. surgery show?
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The hippocampus controls memory
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What are the Neural Networks?
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When neurons cluster into working groups
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What is the Endocrine system?
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The body's "slow" chemical communication system that releases hormones into the blood stream
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What are Hormones?
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Chemical messengers, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.
-Sex, food, aggression |
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What is the Pituitary Gland?
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Under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
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Which part of the brian directly influences the Pituitary gland?
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Hypothalamus
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How effective are backwards messages?
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Not effective, unless some subliminal
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What is the Opponent process theory of color vision?
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Opposing retinal processes enable color vision
-Cones feed into neurons that are stimulated or inhibited by cone pairs -red/green -blue/yellow -black/white -Some increase output for one color, others decrease output |
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What are feature detectors?
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Neurons in the brian that respond to specific features of the stimulus
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What is Parallel Processing?
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Can process several features at the same time
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What is the Blind Spot?
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The place where the optic nerve exits the eye
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How do we see with the Blind spot?
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The eye guesses what it is in the blind spot and fills it in
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What is the relationship between amplitude and loudness?
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The amplitude determines the loudness,
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What is the relationship between frequency and pitch?
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The frequency determines pitch
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What is the cochlea?
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Where the vibrations are transmitted
-A snail-shapped tube in the inner-ear |
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What are Hair Cells?
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The hair cells line the coclea vibrate in responce to sound producing an electrical signal
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What is Basilar Membrane?
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Wthin the cochlea of the inner ear that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea
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What is the Place Theory?
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The theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
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What is the Frequency Theory?
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The theory that the rate of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of tone, thus enabeling us to sense its pitch
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How do we locate sound?
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Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely than the other. From this information, our brain computes the sounds location
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