Psychology

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Phenomenology

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how things seem to the conscious person

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Problem of Other Minds

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the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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mind-body problem

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the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

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Intentionality

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the quality of being directed toward an object (first property of consciousness)

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unity

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resistance to division or the ability to integrate information from all of the body's senses into one coherent whole (second property of consciousness)

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selectivity

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the capacity to include some objects but not others (third property of consciousness)

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Dichotic Listening

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in which people wearing headphones hear different messages in each ear (a study showing selectivity)

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cocktail - party phenomenon

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people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby

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Transcience

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the tendency to change (fourth property of consciousness)

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minimal consciousness

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a low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior

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full consciousness

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you know and are able to report your mental state

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self-consciousness

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another distinct level of consciousness in which the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object

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mental control

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the attempt to change conscious states of mind

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thought suppression

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the conscious avoidance of a thought

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rebound effect of thought suppression

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the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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ironic processes of mental control

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ironic errors occur because the mental processes that monitors errors can itself produce them

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Dynamic Unconscious

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an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces (Freud described this)

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Repression

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a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious

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Freudian Slips

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speech errors and lapses of consciousness

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Cognitive Unconscious

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all the mental processes that give rise to a person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person

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Subliminal Perception

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thought or behavior is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving

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altered state of consciousness

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a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

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circadian rhythm

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a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle

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REM sleep

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a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity (mind is as active as it is during waking); pulse quickens, blood pressure rises, and there are telltale signs of sexual arousal

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Electrooculograph (EOG)

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an instrument that measures eye movements

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Insomnia

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difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

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sleep apnea

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a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep (snoring)

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Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

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when a person arises and walks around while asleep

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Narcolepsy

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a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

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Sleep Paralysis

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the experience of waking up unable to move

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Night Terrors

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abrupt awakening with panic and intense emotional arousal

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Five characteristics of dream consciousness

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Feel emotion, dream thought is illogical, sensation is fully formed and meaningful, uncritical acceptance, difficulty remembering the dream

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manifest content

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a dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning

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latent content

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a dream's true underlying meaning

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activation-synthesis model

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dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

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Psychoactive Drugs

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chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system

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Drug Tolerance

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the tendency for larger drug doses to be required over time to achieve the same effect

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Depressants

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substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system

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Expectancy Theory

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alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

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Balanced Placebo Design

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behavior is observed rolling the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus

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Alcohol Myopia

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alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

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Stimulants

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substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels

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Narcotics (or opiates)

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highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

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Hallucinogens

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drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations

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Marijuana

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a plant whose leaves and buds contain a psychoactive drug called THC

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Anandamide

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neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood, memory, appetite, and pain perception and has been found temporarily to stimulate overeating in lab animals

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gateway drug

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a drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs

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harm reduction approach

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a response to high-risk behaviors that focuses on reducing the harm such behaviors have on people's lives

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Hypnosis

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a social interaction in which one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person's subjective experience of the world

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Posthypnotic Amnesia

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the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

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Hypnotic Analgesia

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the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis