Psychology

Front 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 1

Established the first psychology laboratory in the University of Leipzig, Germany.

Front 2

Edward Bradford Titchener

Back 2

used introspection to search the the mind's structural elements

Front 3

William James and Mary Whiton Calkins

Back 3

Legendary teacher James mentored Calkins, who became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association.

Front 4

behaviorism

Back 4

the view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1. but not with 2.

Front 5

humanistic psychology

Back 5

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

Front 6

Margarent Floy Washburn

Back 6

First woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in the Animal Mind

Front 7

structuralism

Back 7

a method of analysis that focuses on recurring patterns of thoughts and behavior

Front 8

functionalism

Back 8

the theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for the survival of that society

Front 9

introspection

Back 9

the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes.

Front 10

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Back 10

Working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who beams famous as "Little Albert"

Front 11

B.F. Skinner

Back 11

A leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.

Front 12

Sigmund Freud

Back 12

The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity's self-understanding.

Front 13

Cognitive neuroscience

Back 13

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Front 14

psychology

Back 14

the science of behavior and mental processes

Front 15

nature-nurture issue

Back 15

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

Front 16

behavior

Back 16

anything an organism does--any actions we can observe and record.

Front 17

mental processes

Back 17

the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior--sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings.

Front 18

natural selection

Back 18

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Front 19

Charles Darwin

Back 19

Darwin argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies.

Front 20

levels of analysis

Back 20

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

Front 21

biopsychococial approach

Back 21

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis.

Front 22

neuroscience perspective

Back 22

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Front 23

evolutionary perspective

Back 23

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

Front 24

behavior genetics perspective

Back 24

how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Front 25

psychodynamic perspective

Back 25

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Front 26

behavioral perspective

Back 26

how we learn observable responses

Front 27

cognitive perspective

Back 27

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Front 28

social-cultural

Back 28

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

Front 29

basic research

Back 29

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Front 30

applied research

Back 30

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Front 31

counseling psychology

Back 31

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

Front 32

clinical psychology

Back 32

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Front 33

psychiatry

Back 33

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Front 34

positive psychology

Back 34

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Front 35

community psychology

Back 35

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

Front 36

SQ3R

Back 36

a study method incorporating five steps:survey, question, read,retrieve, and review

Front 37

testing effect

Back 37

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect on test-enhanced learning.