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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
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a mental shortcut through which people begin with a rough estimation as a starting point and then adjust this estimate to take into account unique characteristics of the present situation
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Attribution theories
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theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior
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Augmenting principle
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The judgemental rule that states that if an event occurs depite the presence of strong opposing forces, we should give more weight to those possible causes that lead toward the event
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Availability heuristic
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a mental shortcut through which one estimates the likelihood of an event by the ease with which instances of that event come to mind
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Cognitive heuristic
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a mental shortcut used to make a judgement
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Correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error)
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the tendency for observers to overestimate the causal influence of personality factors on behavior and to underestimate the causal role of situational influences
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Correspondent inference theory
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the theory that proposes that people determine whether a behavior corresponds to an actor's internal disposition by asking whether 1) the behavior was intended, 2) the behavior's consequences were foreseeable, 3) the behavior was freely chosen, and 4) the behavior occured despite countervialing forces
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Covariation model
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the theory that proposes that people determine the cause of an actor's behavior by assessing whether other people act in similar ways (consensus), the actor behaves similarly in similar situations (distinctiveness), and the actor behaves similarly in the same situation
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Discounting principle
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the judgmental rule that states that as the umber of possible causes for and event increases, our confidence that any particular cause is the true one should decrease
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Dispositional inference
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the judgment that a person's behavior has been caused bu an aspect of that person's personality
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Downward social comparison
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the process of comaparing ourselves with those who are less well off
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False consensus effect
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the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us
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Representative heuristic
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a mental shortcut through which people classify something as belonging to a certain category to the extent that it is similar to a typical case from that category
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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when an initially inaccurate expectation leades to actions that cause the expectation to come true
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Self-serving bias
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the tendency to take personal credit for our sucesses and to blame external factors for our failures
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Social cognition
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the process of thinking about and making sense of oneself and others
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Upward social comparison
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the process of comparing ourselves with those who are better off
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