Psychology

Front 1

Family Systems: Open systems consist of 3 aspects...

Back 1

1)Allows new information
2)Preferable to closed ones
3)Allow situations to be seen from different perspectives

Hint 1

Allows and prefers

Front 2

FS: Closed Systems

Back 2

1)Having varying degrees of inner circles
2)Those outside the system completely are viewed as having nothing to contribute (e.g., they wouldn’t understand “the way we do things”).

Hint 2

Circles

Front 3

Family Structure:

Back 3

=invisible set of functional demands that organize the ways in which family members interact.

Hint 3

"RULES"

Front 4

Transactional patterns:

Back 4

=repeated transactions establish patterns of how, when, and to whom to relate.

Hint 4

patterns

Front 5

3 Aspects of Boundaries:

Back 5

A.Rules defining in a system who participates, how and when.
B.Determines the system’s sub-systems (i.e., each family structure)
C.Continuum ranges from enmeshed to disengaged

Hint 5

R,D,C

Front 6

Aspects of A Lack of Boundaries: (5)

Back 6

A.All individuals need boundaries.
B.The absence of boundaries produces unclear limits in terms of what others may or may not say or do to a person.
C.Without boundaries, abuse can easily occur.
D.Families often have no boundaries in some areas and rigid boundaries in others.
E.Without boundaries, humans are unable to emotionally relate to others or set reasonable limits on others (does Fromm’s Escape From Freedom ring a bell here?)

Front 7

Sub-System

Back 7

=individuals belong to different subsystems, with different levels of power and skills.

Hint 7

power, skills

Front 8

Lack of Differentiation: (4)

Back 8

A.Autonomy is important for all individuals.
B.Autonomy represents the degree of independence that an individual needs to function apart from others in a system.
C.Fusion is the absence of differentiation.
D.Lack of differentiation leads to enmeshment with others.

Hint 8

autonomy

Front 9

Mystification (def.)=

Back 9

=process that occurs when one or more family members fail to understand the meaning and/or purpose of communication from another member, especially a parent.

Hint 9

fail

Front 10

2 aspects of Mystification-

Back 10

A.The communication received is often deliberately vague.
B.The vague communication places the mystified person in an inferior position.

Hint 10

vague

Front 11

Triangulation (def.)=

Back 11

=occurs when a third person is brought into a dyadic relationship to de-intensify a dispute between two people (generally the parents).

Hint 11

3rd person

Front 12

3 aspects of Triangulation=

Back 12

A.Communication occurs through a third person.
B.The third person often hears negative comments about the individuals involved in the dispute.
C.When triangulation occurs, two people need to be communicating directly, but enmesh a third person so as to avoid any direct communication.

Hint 12

negative communication

Front 13

The Elephant in the Room:

Back 13

=the problem that no one wants/dares to talk about.

Hint 13

problem

Front 14

4 Aspects of Elephant=

Back 14

A.Problem is clearly visible to all involved.
B.Fear of retaliation or negative consequences and shame often keep individual from discussing the problem.
C.Self-blame is common.
D.Enablers continue to allow the problem to exist and avoid discussion.

Hint 14

Avoidance

Front 15

Scapegoating=

Back 15

A.Families often scapegoat one individual for all of the family’s problems.
B.The person scapegoated may have difficulties, but is unduly blamed as he/she is often displaying the symptoms of an unhealthy family environment or have a bona-fide illness.
C.Scapegoating rarely takes into consideration any other factors. Ex: “Drinking is a conflict area where the couple can complain about each other endlessly with no demand for change… Through the years Lars’ drinking has become the ‘cause’ of the family problems. This fixing of causality on the behavior of one person blurs the nature of the other family transactions.”

Hint 15

family's problems

Front 16

Adaptation-

Back 16

-Developmental changes within a family requiring alteration of boundaries. When adaptation does not occur it results in dysfunction

Hint 16

alteration of boundaries

Front 17

Dysfunction-

Back 17

-a deviation from the healthy or normal. It occurs when one of the following occurs:

Front 18

Dysfunction happens when:

Back 18

A. Rigid, diffuse or unclear boundaries, coalitions formed against third party.
B. Coalitions cross generational boundaries.
C.Denied or concealed coalitions

Front 19

Goal of Structural Family Therapy:

Back 19

=to facilitate differentiation of family members that will lead to healthier family systems.

Front 20

Goal of Strategic Family Therapy:

Back 20

=to change undesirable family interactive patterns.

Front 21

Goal of Transgenerational Family Therapy

Back 21

=to facilitate differentiation of family members that will lead to healthier family systems.

Front 22

Explain Bowen’s “differentiation of self”

Back 22

Families and other social groups tremendously affect how people think, feel, and act, but individuals vary in their susceptibility to a "group think" and groups vary in the amount of pressure they exert for conformity. These differences between individuals and between groups reflect differences in people's levels of differentiation of self.
People with a poorly differentiated "self" depend so heavily on the acceptance and approval of others that either they quickly adjust what they think, say, and do to please others or they dogmatically proclaim what others should be like and pressure them to conform.

Front 23

Explain Bowen's Triangulation=

Back 23

=a three-person relationship system. It is considered the building block or "molecule" of larger emotional systems because a triangle is the smallest stable relationship system. A two-person system is unstable because it tolerates little tension before involving a third person. A triangle can contain much more tension without involving another person because the tension can shift around three relationships. If the tension is too high for one triangle to contain, it spreads to a series of "interlocking" triangles.

Front 24

What are the values of genograms in working with a family? How might you use a genogram in working with a family?

Back 24

=Genealogists can use genograms to discover and analyze interesting facts about their family history, such as a naming pattern, sibling rivalry, or significant events like immigration.

Front 25

Drive Theory- (def.)

Back 25

Human behavior is governed by instincts: organic motivational forces or “drives” most commonly known as “sex and aggression.”

Hint 25

Sexual aggression

Front 26

Drive Theory's view of SEX-

Back 26

-perpetuating of life, conceptually = “moving toward,” a.k.a. libido.

Front 27

Drive's Theory's view of aggression-

Back 27

-avoiding of death, conceptually = “moving away,” a.k.a. Thanatos, or “death drive,” the drive to protect one self from non-existence, rather than just to extend the species.

Front 28

According to Freud,behavior is oriented toward...

Back 28

...pleasure. Pleasure principle – humans are pleasure-seeking creatures)

Front 29

The personality consists of three parts

Back 29

id, ego, superego

Front 30

Anxiety arises from...

Back 30

...the conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.

Front 31

Freud conceptualized three levels of awareness which are:

Back 31

conscious, subconscious, and unconscious.

Front 32

Freud hypothesized five Psychosexual Stages of Development:

Back 32

1)Oral, 2) Anal, 3) Pallic,
4)Latency, 5)genital

Front 33

Freud hypothesized nine Defense Mechanisms:

Back 33

repression, denial, introjection, projection, displacement, reaction,regression, identification, rationalization, compensation

Front 34

EGO (def.)-

Back 34

-decision-making component of personality, a.k.a. “referee.”

Front 35

Ego develops when-

Back 35

an infant realizes that he/she does not always get what he/she wants (but develops after id)

Front 36

Ego is both...

Back 36

conscious and unconscious

Front 37

Ego operates according to the reality principle, which is...

Back 37

seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets are identified

Front 38

Ego engages in secondary process thinking

Back 38

-which is relatively rational and oriented toward problem solving

Front 39

The Ego attempts to...

Back 39

-referee or appease the demands of both the id and the superego; mediates between the id and the norms of the external social world

Front 40

Freud labeled sexual urge as...

Back 40

Eros, which is fueled by psychic energy which is labeled as libido.

Front 41

Sex is a big determinate of...

Back 41

personality development, even among children.

Front 42

Personality development is...

Back 42

is psychosexual in nature

Front 43

Over or under indulgence leads to ...

Back 43

FIXATION at a stage, which means the child has arrested development on a type of pleasure

Front 44

ORAL (birth—one year) focus on ...

Back 44

-pleasure through feeding. Normal development depends upon oral gratification. Insufficient or excessive gratification at any stage could lead to fixation, development of personality characteristics typical of the fixated stage. Fixation at the oral stage results in issues surrounding food, smoking, etc.

Front 45

ANAL (one—three years) focus on ...

Back 45

pleasure through retention and excrement. Second year of life, gratification is obtained through body waste elimination. Normal development entails child gaining voluntary control re: this elimination process. Fixation results in anal-retentiveness or anal-aggression

Front 46

PHALLIC (three—six years) pleasure sought through ...

Back 46

genitals/genital stimulation, initial awareness of sexuality, sexual attraction for opposite parent

Front 47

Oedipus Complex: Freud’s term for ...

Back 47

boys’ attraction to their mothers and unconscious desire to slay their fathers, a.k.a. “castration anxiety.”

Front 48

Electra Complex: Freud’s term for ...

Back 48

-girls’ attraction to their fathers and unconscious desire to slay their mothers, a.k.a. “penis envy.”

Front 49

Oedipus/Electra complexes typically resolved by ...

Back 49

age 5-6 through identification with same-sex parent and repression of attraction to opposite-sex parent

Front 50

LATENT (six—eleven years) passive stage in which...

Back 50

sexual interest becomes inactive, sexual desires have become repressed through the resolution of the Oedipal and Electra complexes. Instead, sexual interest is being sublimated into more acceptable activities, i.e., schoolwork, sports, etc…

Front 51

GENITAL (eleven years on) beginning of ...

Back 51

sexual capacity (puberty), renewed interest in pleasure through genitals. Sexual feelings re-emerge toward opposite-sex parent and are displaced to appropriate member of opposite-sex due to the incest taboo. Freud considered sexual activity other than heterosexual intercourse the result from pregenital fixations.

Front 52

Repression involves keeping ...

Back 52

thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

Front 53

2 components of Repression...

Back 53

…most basic and widely used defense mechanism…a form of “motivated forgetting,” a.k.a. “selective perception.”

Front 54

Denial is the refusal to...

Back 54

-believe any information about the situation or one’s behavior and feelings that provoke anxiety.

Front 55

Introjection is the acceptance of ...

Back 55

another’s values as one’s own, i.e., a patient wondering how primary “object” or caregiver would respond to a certain dilemma and imagining his/her response.

Front 56

Projection involves attributing one’s own ...

Back 56

thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

Front 57

Displacement involves ...

Back 57

diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.

Front 58

Reaction Formation involves...

Back 58

behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings.

Front 59

Regression involves...

Back 59

a reversion to immature patterns of behavior

Front 60

Identification involves ...

Back 60

bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

Front 61

Sublimation is...

Back 61

re-channeling unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.

Front 62

Rationalization involves creating ...

Back 62

false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.

Front 63

Compensation is an attempt to...

Back 63

“make up for,” or compensate for patient’s perceived weakness of self by strongly submitting positive traits

Front 64

In what way is the notion of the unconscious one of Freud’s most significant discoveries?

Back 64

They are the keys to understanding behavior and problems of personality.

Front 65

What are the implications of this concept for clinical practice?

Back 65

Unconscious processes are at the root of all forms of neurotic symptoms and behaviors. A cure is based on uncovering the meaning of symptoms, the causes of behavior, and the repressed materials that interfere with healthy functioning.

Front 66

How is anxiety explained from a psychoanalytic view?

Back 66

? is a signal or warning that something really overwhelmingly awful is just about to happen and you had better do something about it quickly if you are to survive physically and mentally

Front 67

What importance does early development play in Freudian psychoanalysis?

Back 67

It is within the first years (1-6), that we develop three areas of personal and social development, love and trust, dealing with negative feelings, and developing a positive acceptance of sexuality. This period is the foundation on which later personality development is built.

Front 68

What is the importance in Erikson’s psychosocial perspective?

Back 68

Erikson built on Freud's ideas and extended them by stressing the psychosocial aspects of debelopment beyond early childhood. Psychosocial growth and psychosexual growth take place together. We face the task of stablishing equilibrium between ourselbes and our social world.

Front 69

To what extent do you think that our first six years of life determines our later personality structure?

Back 69

It has a significant place. If a child is neglected of their basic needs during this time (Maslow) or is abused in any way, then I can see this as being very determinate of how his/her life will play out.

Front 70

(Adler's) striving for significance and superiority; style of life

Back 70

Striving for perfection (superiority) and coping with inferiority by seeking mastery are innate. Superiority means moving from a perceived lower position to a perceived higher position, from a felt minus to a felt plus.

Front 71

(Adler's) childhood experiences

Back 71

-unique style is created primarily during first 6 years of life. Experience in themselves are not the determing factor, it's how we interpret the events that shape our personality.

Front 72

(Adler's) fictional finalism

Back 72

-an imagined central goal that guides a person's behavior. When the fictional vision of ourselves as perfect or complete begins to form into a life goal.

Front 73

(Adler's)birth order and sibling relationships

Back 73

Five psychological positions: 1)oldest:receives good deal of attention, dependable, hard working, newcomer will rob the attention from her,2) second of only two: shares the attention, competetive struggle, find's the elder child's weak points to win praise, 3)middle: "poor me" and could become problem child, could feel cheated, peacemaker, 4)youngest:tend to go their own way, most pampered, and 5)only: not learn to share or cooperate, similar characteristics of oldest, deals with adults well,pampered.

Front 74

(Adler's) subjective perception of reality

Back 74

Approach is phenomenological in that it pays attention to the individual way in which people perceive their world. The subjective reality includes the individual's perceptions, thoughts, feelings, values, beliefs, convictions, and conclusions.

Front 75

(Adler's) purposefulness of behavior

Back 75

-we can only think, feel, and act in relation to our perception of our goal. We can be fully understood only in light of knowing th purposes and goals toward which we are striving. Interested in the future.

Front 76

(Adler's) faulty assumptions

Back 76

-Faluty interpretation may lead to mistaken notions in our private logic, which will significantly influence present behavior. We can modify the faulty assumptions when we become aware of them. Consciously create a new style of life.

Front 77

How is Adler’s view of human nature different from Freud’s?

Back 77

Adler: stresses choice and responsibility, meaning in life, and the striving for success, completion, and perfection, inferiority feelings (which is motivating). HAve the capacity to interpret and create events. Freud: determined soley by heredity and biology, life is determined for us

Front 78

What importance does Adler give to the role of childhood experiences in terms of adult life?

Back 78

unique style is created primarily during first 6 years of life. Experience in themselves are not the determing factor, it's how we interpret the events that shape our personality.

Front 79

Discuss Adler’s concept of style of life.

Back 79

-is the connecting theme that unifies all our actions, and our lifestyle consists of all our values and perceptions regarding self, others, and life. It is the characteristic way we move toward our life goal.

Front 80

What is the Adlerian view of the client/therapist relationship? How does this differ from the classical psychoanalytic view?

Back 80

-It is between equals based on cooperation, mutual trust, respect, confidence and alignment of goals. Collaborative!!! includes forming a relationship based on mutual respect and identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions within the person's style of living. Develop the client's sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest. Clients are discouraged. Reeducate clients so they can be equals in society. Encouragement! Courage!

Front 81

Know the four phases of the Adlerian therapeutic process:

Back 81

1)Establishing the Relationship
2)Exploring the Individual's Dynamics
3)Encouraging Self-Understanding and Insight
4)Helping with Reorientation

Front 82

How are the client’s dynamics understood and explored via the family constellation and early recollections?

Back 82

It's important to make a comprehensive assessment of the client's functioning through a questionnaire of the client's family constellation (parents, siblings, and others living in the home). Gives a picture of the individual's early social world: clients' major areas of success and failure and the role assumed in the world.
EARLY RECOLLECTIONS: Diagnostic tool. -single incidents from childhood that we are able to reexperience. Reflect current convictions, evaluations, attitudes, and biases

Front 83

What is the use of assessing the client’s priorities?

Back 83

-is used for understanding interactional coping. There are 4 priorities:
superiority, control, comfort, and pleasing.
Enable the client to recognize the feelings he or she evokes in others and the price the client pays for clinging to a number one priority.

Front 84

How is encouragement basic to this process (client's priorities)?

Back 84

Encouragement is important as people consider change in their lives. "To build courage". Courage develops when people become aware of their strengths, they feel they belong and are not alone, and they have a sense of hope and can see new possibilities for themselves and their daily living.

Front 85

What role does insight play in therapy (Adler)? How is interpretation a way to facilitate this process of gaining insight?

Back 85

-insight is an understanding of the motivations that operate in a client's life. it is a special form of awareness that facilitates a meaningful understanding within the therapeutic relationship and acts as a foundation for change.-interpretations gains insight b/c it is focused on the here-and-now behavior and on the expectations and anticipations that arise from one's intentions. -concerned with creating awareness of one's direction in life, one's goals and purposes, one's private logic and how it works, and one's current behavior.

Front 86

What are the main tasks of the action-oriented phase, known as reorientation (Adler)?

Back 86

-to be reoriented to a more useful side of life (which involves a sens of belonging and being valued, having an interest in others and thier welfare, courage)
-a sense of humor, outgoing friendliness, willingness to contribute, acceptance of imperfection.

Front 87

basic mistakes (adler)

Back 87

Lifestyle can be conceived of as a personal mythologt. people behave as if the myths were true b/c for them they are true.
1)Overgeneralization
2)False or impossible goals
3)Misperceptions of life and life's demands
4)Minimization or denial of one's basic worth
5)Faulty values

Front 88

Jung's Veiw of Person/Environment?

Back 88

-opened a window for Nurture
-the ultimate goal of treatment as increasing patients’ self-respect, self-knowledge, even self-actualization.

Front 89

According to Jung, the psyche consists of ...

Back 89

spirit, soul, and idea

Front 90

Jung's collective conscious is(3)...

Back 90

1)hidden psychic resource shared by humans
2)basic motif across individuals including cultures, in their dreams,and fantasies
3)images are shared by all, but motified by personal experiences.

Front 91

Jung's Archetype Description:(3)

Back 91

A.Organizing principle
B.System of readiness
C.Dynamic nucleus of energy

Front 92

Types of Archetypes: (7)

Back 92

A.Heroic Quest
B.Night Sea Journey
C.Inner Child
D.Divine Child
E.Maiden, Mother, and Goddess
F.Wise Old Man
G.Wild Man

Front 93

Complexes are to personal unconscious as...

Back 93

archetypes are to collective unconscious

Front 94

According to Jungian Theory our understanding of ourselves comes from ...

Back 94

encounters with social reality and what we deduce from our own observations.

Front 95

Jung built on Freud’s conscious vs. unconscious theory and added his own conceptualization that ...

Back 95

unconscious is further divided into two elements: the personal unconscious (which is what Freud focused on when using the word unconscious) and the collective unconscious

Front 96

(Jung) An unattended shadow grows as a result of ...

Back 96

-rejecting parts of one’s personality and squelching them into personal unconsciousness,

Front 97

(Jung) Lack of individuation and remaining in a state of primordial fusion with primary caregiver keeps...

Back 97

the caregiver in role of vacillating between “all good,” and “all bad.”

Front 98

(JUNG) Defense mechanisms are the psyche’s attempts to...

Back 98

survive complexes; and these defense mechanisms become pathological when an individual becomes stuck/fixated in the defense.

Front 99

(Jung) Lack of integration of opposites..

Back 99

These opposites engage in active struggle and personality development takes place through the tension this conflict produces in the psyche.

Front 100

(JUNG) Dissociation between conscious and unconscious content reflects..

Back 100

the intensity of the disturbance and the amount of pathology.”.

Front 101

Jung's Four Tenets of Psychotherapy:

Back 101

1.The psyche is a self-regulating system.
2.The unconscious has a creative and compensatory component.
3.The doctor-patient relationship plays a major role in facilitating self-awareness and healing.
4.And personality growth takes place at many stages over the life-span.

Front 102

animus and anima represent-

Back 102

biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and feniminity, which are thought ot coexist in both sexes

Front 103

persona represetns-

Back 103

public mask, that we wear to project ourselves as

Front 104

Jung differs with Freud in beliefs of dreams in what ways?

Back 104

Differs from Freud in fuctions. Dreams have two purposes. They are prospective (help peole prepare themselves for the expereinces and events they anticipate in the near future. They serve a compensatory function to bring aobout a balance between opposites in a person. A way to express!