Psychology

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Cognitive viewpoint/theory

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Controlled (conscious) processing – the conscious use of attention and effort
Automatic (uncontrolled) processing – can be performed without conscious awareness of effort

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Visual agnosia

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not perceive that shape, size or orientation of objects, but she had little trouble performing complex motor and perceptional tasks

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Prosopagnosia

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visually recognize objects but not faces

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priming

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exposure to a stimulus influences (primes) how you consequentially respond to that same or another stimulus

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Suprachiasmatic (SCN)

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located in the hypothalamus – attached to the pineal gland which releases melatonin - - which has a relaxing effect of the body
 The SCN becomes active during the day and blocks off secretion of melatonin and is inactive in the evening, which allows melatonin and makes you tired

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stages of sleep

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Stage one: theta waves, not a lot of time 5% of sleeping time – not really asleep, but not really awake
Stage two: sleep spindles are bundles of rapid high amplitude waves – also most of bodily functions slow down – like being asleep
Stage three: Delta waves - jerking motions – might be necessary for body to relax – mind misinterprets signals and thinks you are falling
Stage four: All delta - slow high amp waves of activity to non activity – hard to wake someone in three of four
REM: Rapid eye movement – Alpha waves - same brain activity in a waking mind – body is entirely paralyzed

 Stages three and four are referred to as slow wave sleep

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REM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

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sleep paralysis during REM sleep is absent I often harmful and destructive

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Sleepwalking

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happens in stages 3 or 4 of sleep – person cam be completely coherent or be unresponsive, waking someone sleepwalking is not harmful

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Nightmares and night terrors

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 nightmares are bad dreams and everyone has them eventually
 night terrors happen in stages 3 and 4 (short wave sleep) – physical arousal, may raise heart rate 2-3 times normal – sleeper normally has no memory of it

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Activation synthesis theory

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 Dreams do not have any particular function, by product of REM neural activity – brain stem sends messages and cortex tries to interpret thing into things that makes sense

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Social-cognitive theories

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Hypnotic experiences result from expectations of people who are motivated to take on the role of being hypnotized

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Analgesia

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Absence of pain in response to stimulation which would normally be painful

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Behaviorists

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think that all animal come into the world as a blank slate

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Ethologists

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viewed the organism as anything but a blank slate, animals evolved and are biologically prepared to act in a certain way
 Focused on function of behavior, particularly it’s adaptive significance – how a behavior influences an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction in its natural environment

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Fixed action pattern

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an unlearned response automatically triggered by a particular stimulus

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Habituation

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A decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

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Acquisition

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refers to the period of time in which the response is being learned

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Neutral stimulus

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one that does not cause a reaction – like the bell to the dogs before they were conditioned

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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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stimulus that elicits a response without prior conditioning

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Unconditioned response (UCR)

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the response to the UCS without prior learning

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Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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a stimulus that, through association with the UCS comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original UCR

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Conditioned response (CR)

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a response elicited by a CS

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Forward-short delay paring

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learning usually occurs most quickly this way, the CS (tone) appears first and is still present when the UCS (food) appears.

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Forward trace pairing

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tone sounds, then stops, and after that the food is presented

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Stimulus generalization

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organism is likely to react to similar stimuli, like different tones for the dogs

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Discrimination

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when alarm reaction occurs to one stimulus, but not

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Exposure therapies

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expose the person to what makes them afraid a bit at a time and slowly cause extinction of the fear to occur

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Aversion therapies

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pairing an unwanted action with something noxious – like pedophiles

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Law of effect

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in a given situation, a response followed by a satisfying consequence will become more likely to occur and a response followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur

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Operant conditioning

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a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it

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negative punishment

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responce cost

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Positive punishment

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averse punishment

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Shaping

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using a method of successive approximations toward a final response

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Operant generalization

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An operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus of situation that is similar to the original one

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Operant discrimination

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means that an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another

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Escape conditioning

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organism learns a response to terminate an aversive stimulus

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Avoidance conditioning

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organism learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus

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Preparedness

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through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others

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Instinctive drift

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the tendency for a conditioned repose to drift back toward instinctive behavior

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Role of awareness

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have to be aware of what you are being rewarded for in order for conditioning to work

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Latent learning

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refers to learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until later when there is an incentive to perform

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Law of Effect

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In a given situation, a response followed by a satisfying consequence will become more likely to occur and a response followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur.

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Sensory memory

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briefly holds incoming information – the type that takes a fast picture of what was seen, like with the flashing numbers experiment we did in class – the image that is kept in the mind is called an ionic image

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Working memory

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last longer than the above, which fades rapidly – temporarily holds a limited amount of information

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Phonological loop

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stores mental representations of sounds – like when listening to spoken words

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Visuospatial sketchpad

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briefly stored visual and spatial information – face, layout of a room

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Episodic buffer

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storage area for two things above while they are connected to things in long term memory – when you as you must use the above two and also retrieve information on how to add from long term memory

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Central executive

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directs overall action

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serial position effect

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where when presented with a list of numbers or words, you can remember the first and last ones – correlated with the transfer of the early words into long term memory, and the later ones into short term, and the middle ones shoved out

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maintenance rehearsal

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involves simple, rote repetition

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elaborative rehearsal

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involves focusing on the meaning of the into or expanding on it in some way

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Dual coding theory

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encoding information using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall

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Method of loci

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a memory aid that associated information with mental images of physical locations – like pairing words with locations

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Schema

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mental framework – an organized pattern of though – about some aspect of the world : this works with those paragraphs in which you don’t know what it is talking about and cannot recall very well until you are given the context, then you can recall things from it much better – in the book it was washing clothes – helps give a basis to associate information to

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Mnemonist (or memoirist)

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someone with extraordinary memory skills

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associative netork

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just arranging knowledge in a web

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Priming

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the activation of one concept b another – like being able to associate fire truck and red

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Declarative memory

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involves factual knowledge

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Episodic memory

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is our store of knowledge concerning personal experiences: when, where, and what happened in the episodes of our lives – favorite movie what you ate this morning

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Semantic memory

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represents general factual knowledge about the world and language, including memory for words and concepts - e=mc^2

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Procedural (nondeclarative) memory

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reflected in skills or actions – typing, bike riding

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Explicit memory

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involves conscious or intentional memory retrieval as when you consciously recognize or recall something – must retrieve information on own

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Implicit memory

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occurs when memory influences our behavior without conscious awareness – walking, riding a bike

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Retrieval cue

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is a stimulus whether internal or external that activated information stored in long term memory – if someone asks if you have seem ‘Sonia’ today, that is a retrieval cue

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Encoding specificity principal

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memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding

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Mood congruent recall

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we tend to recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood - when we are happy we are more likely to remember happy events, when sad, we are more likely to remember sad ones

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decay theory

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with time and disuse the long term physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away – but there is objection to whether this is true or not

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Proactive interference

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material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material

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Retroactive interference

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newly acquired information interferes with the ability to recall information learned at an earlier time

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Prospective memory

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concerns remembering to perform an activity in the future

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Retrograde amnesia

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represents memory loss for events that took place sometime in life before the onset of amnesia

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Anterograde amnesia

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refers to meme loss for events that occur later the initial onset of amnesia – like H.D. in the book, remember nothing after operation

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Where are memories stored and formed?

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 Sensory and working memory - frontal lobes and prefrontal cortex
 Long term memory – hippocampus – processed in different places, but stored in the hippocampus, this hypothetical and gradual binding process in called a memory consolidation, various components are store across the brain as well
 Procedural memory – cerebellum

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Procedural (nondeclarative) memory

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reflected in skills or actions – typing, bike riding

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Explicit memory

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involves conscious or intentional memory retrieval as when you consciously recognize or recall something – must retrieve information on own

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Implicit memory

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occurs when memory influences our behavior without conscious awareness – walking, riding a bike

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Retrieval cue

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is a stimulus whether internal or external that activated information stored in long term memory – if someone asks if you have seem ‘Sonia’ today, that is a retrieval cue

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Encoding specificity principal

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memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding

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Mood congruent recall

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we tend to recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood - when we are happy we are more likely to remember happy events, when sad, we are more likely to remember sad ones

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decay theory

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with time and disuse the long term physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away – but there is objection to whether this is true or not

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Proactive interference

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material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material

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Retroactive interference

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newly acquired information interferes with the ability to recall information learned at an earlier time

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Prospective memory

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concerns remembering to perform an activity in the future

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Retrograde amnesia

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represents memory loss for events that took place sometime in life before the onset of amnesia

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Anterograde amnesia

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refers to meme loss for events that occur later the initial onset of amnesia – like H.D. in the book, remember nothing after operation

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Where are memories stored and formed?

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 Sensory and working memory - frontal lobes and prefrontal cortex
 Long term memory – hippocampus – processed in different places, but stored in the hippocampus, this hypothetical and gradual binding process in called a memory consolidation, various components are store across the brain as well
 Procedural memory – cerebellum

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dissociation theories

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theories the view hypnosis as an altered state involving a division of consciousness

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social cognitive theoriey

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hypnotic expericence s result fomr the exectations of pple who are motivated to take on the role of being hypnotized