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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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believed that government welfare for the poor would only increase their number thereby decreasing Britain's overall standard of living
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Thomas Malthus
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Malthus, society must recognize life is a constant "_____"
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"struggle for existence"
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if population growth occurs at a rapid rate, what did Malthus believe would occur?
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We eventually will outgrow our resources
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What books are famous by Darwin?
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Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for LIfe 1859
Vestiges of Creation |
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A letter written by whom, urged Darwin to publish his findings and ideas on evolution?
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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What is the first chapter of Darwin's book?
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"Variation Under Domestication"
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What is in the chapter 1 of Darwin's book?
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individual differences within a species could be accentuated through deliberate breeding
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Lamarckian idea?
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Characteristics acquired during ones life could be passed onto offspring
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What is Chapter 2 of Darwins Book? and what does it entail?
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"Variation Under Nature"
-believed some variation was spontaneous and random (much like mutation) |
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Chapter 3 of Darwins book?
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"Struggle for Existence"
-species face inevitable struggle to survive because they produce offspring at rate that outpaces food supply |
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Chapter 4 of Darwin's book?
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"Natural Selection"
-the finches with more "adaptive variation" would be "naturally selected" in the "struggle for existence" |
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Dennett's Model of the Divine Mind vs. Natural Selection.
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Divine Mind: Mind->Design->Order
Natural Selection: Order->Design->Mind |
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What is the name of the article that Darwin published that was the pioneer article in child psychology?
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published in journal "Mind"
name of article: "Biographical Sketch of an Infant" |
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What is the name of Darwin's book that addresses human evolution?
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The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to sex and Expressions of the emotion in Man and Animals.
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What is Darwin's primary contribution to psychology?
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his theory of evolution that promoted a new way of thinking referred to as functionalism
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What is functionalism?
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study human behavior and mental processes in terms of how they served to adapt the individual to an ever-changing environment
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What is consciousness's adaptive function?
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enabling the individual to assess a problem situation and solve it quickly
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What do habits serve as?
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they free the individuals limited consciousness to concentrate on unsolved problems
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What type of psychology studies animal behavior?
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Comparative Psych.
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What book was the first scientific attempt to study emotional expressions?
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Expressions of Emotions in Man and Animals
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What is it called when electrodes touch the surface of the skin and stimulation produces recognizable muscle contractions
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Galvanization
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What are Darwin's 3 principles of emotional expressions?
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Prin. 1: Serviceable Associated Habits
Prin. 2: Antithesis Prin. 3: Direct Action of the Nervous System |
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What is the Principle of Serviceable Associated Habits?
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states that some expressions initially served some adaptive function, helping the organism survive. Ex: contempt originated from bad odor
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What does the Principle of Antithesis state?
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emotions that are just the opposite of each other are expressed in bodily actions that are similarly opposed. Ex: dog hair bristles to a stranger, dog submits to an owner
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What is the Principle of Direct Action of the Nervous System?
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expressions are side effects of the physiological arousal that accompanies strongly felt emotions
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Who is the founder of modern ethology?
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Douglas Spalding
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What is ethology?
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study of instinctive animal behavior
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What does Spalding think about experience in requiring skills such as depth perception, etc.?
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he believes that experience is irrelevant because certain perceptual abilities to not require it
Ex: instinct |
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What is imprinting?
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birds would follow the first object that they were able to detect moving
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What is it called when certain behaviors must develop within a limited time frame if they are to develop at all
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this is called a critical period
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Who is responsible for the anecdotal method?
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George Romanes
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Who is the founder of comparative psychology?
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George Romanes
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What is the attribution of human faculties to nonhuman entities called?
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anthropomorphism
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Who developed the principle of parsimony?
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Conway Llyod Morgan
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What is Llyod Morgan's canon?
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There is no reason to propose a "higher physical faculty" when the behavior could be seen as the result of some factor "lower in the psychological scale"
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higher physical faculty
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committing suicide
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lower physical
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reflex action
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What is the law of parsimony?
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the dog abandoned the unsuccessful behaviors and learned to repeat the successful one
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who is related to puzzle-box learning
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Thorndike
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a research tradition that includes the creation of techniques to measure those differences
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Individual differences
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Name an example of an outcome of individual differences research
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IQ and personality tests
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known as "apostle of quantification" and "Jack of all Sciences"
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Francis Galton
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explored S of Africa and mapped it with precision
created the first systematic weather map |
Francis Galton
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Nature of Intelligence idea implies what? Who?
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Galton, if higher intelligence is key to survival, then the more intelligent human would naturally rise up to the top of society
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Hereditary Genius states?
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intelligence is innate
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Who is the pioneer for twin studies and surveys?
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Francis Galton
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used the survey method to make this book
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English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture
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the idea that society should take active steps toward improving its genetic material
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Eugenics
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talented people reproduce
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positive eugenics
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poor people that are inlellectionally inferior, otherwise they would not be so poor, so he thought they should be discouraged from reproducing
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negative eugenics
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argued that superior mental capacity was related to neural efficiency and sensory ability
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Galton
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thought women to be inferior to men
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Galton
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What is Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient
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r
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designed to measure auditory thresholds
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Galton Whistle
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loss for high efficiency sounds (shrill sounds)
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presbycusis
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who is associated with word association tests
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Galton
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an approach that emphasized scholarly research combined with teaching and academic freedom for professors to pursue their research interests without fear of censure
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Wissenschaft
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developed a new psychology called physiological.
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William Wundt
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the study of the relationshio between the perception of a stimulus event ("psycho") and the physical dimensions of the stimulus being perceived ("physics")
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psychophysics
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mapped the relative sensitivity on the skin
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Ernst Weber
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the point where the perception changes from one point to two
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two-point threshold
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Weber believed that differences in thresholds resulted from what?
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difference in the sizes of "sensory circles"
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areas of the skin that were sensed by branching fibers of a single sensory nerve
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sensory circles
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the ability to discriminate between two weights does not depend on the absolute difference between them in weight
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Weber's law
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what is Weber's law?
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jnd (=/) s= k
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when trying to understand how the mind organizes its experiences, according to Weber, one must know more than just the physical dimensions of the stimuli, but also what?
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how the mind perceives the physical stimuli
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studied the relationship between brightness of light and afterimage
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Gustav Fechner
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first experimental psychologists
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Gustav Fechner
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belief that all events have causes that can be traced to physical and chemical changes
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materialism or night view
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What does Nachtansich mean?
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night view
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what is day view?
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Tagesunsicht
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idealism view that the universe as a whole had a form of consciousness to it that went beyond the individual consciousness of the organisms within it. Upon death, human consciousness merged with the cosmic consciousness
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Day view
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the first book of experimental psychology
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Elements of Psychophysics
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Fechner reformulated Weber's law into what?
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s= k log R
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jnd above the absolute threshold
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difference threshold
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where sensation is first noticed
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absolute threshold
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stimulus is presented that is well above the threshold then gradually reduced in intensity until the subject reports that it can no longer be heard
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method of limits, also called the descending trial
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stimulus is presented below the threshold then increased until the subject hears it for the first time
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ascending trial
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sounds of varying intensities are presented in random order and subjects task is to indicate whether of not they heard it
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method of constant stimuli
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what method of Fechner is the most accurate?
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method of constant stimuli
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the subject directly varies the intensity of the stimulus until it seems to be at threshold
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method of adjustment
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which of Fechner's methods takes the least amount of time?
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method of adjustment
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most history books call him the founder of experimental psychology
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Wilheim Wundt
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what is the date that psychology became a science?
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1860
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who founded the first lab of psychology?
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Wundt
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the method of constant stimuli almost always has what kind of curve?
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A sloping curve
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founded psychophysics
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Fechner
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founded experimental aesthetics
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Fechner
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Who? Can we determine why someone will describe on thing as attractive/appealing and something else as not?
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Fechner
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published more than 500 books/articles
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Wundt
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looked at sodium intake and urine content
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Bunsen
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what year was the first lab made?
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1879
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first american to study with wundt
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Granville Hall
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invented the mechanical typewriter machine
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Catell
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who was the most devoted to Wundt?
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Titchener
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the type of psychology that tries to identify the content of mental life
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structuralism
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attempt to measure how long it takes to perform some mental operation
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mental chronometry
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interested in how quickly people can notice and respond to change
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Bessell
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how long stimuli takes to travel across sensory nerves
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Sensory message
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time brain takes to process information
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central processing
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time for information to get back out to muscles and change
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Signal
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who came up with the first experimental scientific journal for psychology, and what was its title?
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Wundt, Philosophical Studies
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the ability we have to actively manipulate thing that we have in mind
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apperception
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when we go back through and we voluntarily pick out what we want to pay attention to
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creative synthesis
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first to study learning and memory
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Ebbinghaus
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who, verbal learning research?
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Muller
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memory drum, who?
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Muller
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created wurzburg school
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Kulpe
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study of what the mind does rather than what it contains
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systematic experimental introspection
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images are the remnants of previous sensory experiences
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School of imageless thought
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Darwin referred to where everything came from as what? and what is the answer to the question of where everything comes from?
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the mystery of mysteries, the answer is special creation
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notion that natural forces are created by God
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Erasmus Darwin, darwin's grandfather
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theory that all plants and animals came from one original common source
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theory of transmutation
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who, idea that plants are changing through time. new species are developing
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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creatures are not fixed, but changing through time
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Lamarckian theory
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man credited with genetics
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Mendal
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principle of geology
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Lyell
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calculated how old the earth must be
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Lyell
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studied economic growth/ population growth
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Malthus
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renamed survival of the fittest, the phrase used today
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Herbert Spencer
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Book published by Darwin in 1859
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On the Origins of Species
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What are the six principles posed by Darwin?
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overproduction, struggle for survival, random variation, natural selection, artificial selection, and development of new species
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inventor of the field of eugenics
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Sir Francis Galton
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pioneered statistics in psychology
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Galton
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guy who is credited with coining the term statistics
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Quetelet
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what does correlation stand for
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regression towards the mean
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journal dedicated to applying statistical analysis to human data
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biometrika
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the first law enforcement agency to adopt fingerprinting
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Scotland yard
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an attempt to try to identify standard characteristics of racial or national groups
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Composite Photographic portrait
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Headstart associated with whom?
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Jensen
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Who, and what is the name of the first sperm bank for eugenically gifted people
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Robert Graham, Repository for Germinal Choice
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invented the transistor
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Shockley
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thought we should raise taxes for stupid children and lower for smart children
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Shockley
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published that humans have souls and animals do not
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Romanes
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what was the first book in comparative psychology?
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Animal Intelligence
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what is the solution to the species problem?
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Argument from design
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who? a watch is complex....
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Paley
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proposed that all organic life evolved from a single living filament
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Erasmus Darwin
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theory that each species is constantly evolving into a species that is more complex
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chain of being
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geological change that occurs slowly involves forces that are constantly at work
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catastrophism
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uniform laws of nature operate to produce gradual geologic changes
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uniformitarianism
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what is the name of the Darwin museum?
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Down House
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the attempt to analyze life's experiences through introspective reflection
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self-observation
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what is the problem with self-observation?
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false memory
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a narrower process of responding immediately to precisely controlled stimuli
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internal perception
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what does volkerpsychologie mean?
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social or cultural psychology
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what is mental chronometry?
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reaction time
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developed reaction time procedure
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Donders
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perception time means ____ and will time means _____
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discrimination time, choice time
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what are the two things studied at Wundt's lab?
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psychophysics and reaction time
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the relation of internal stimulus to the sensation
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psychophysics
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manner in which the mind actively organizes it experiences through an act of will
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voluntarism
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perceive something with full clarity and have it in focus of one's attention
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apperception
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connected with the experimental method
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Ebbinghaus
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created nonsense syllables
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Ebbinghaus
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correct recall includes accurately reproducing a set of stimuli in the exact order of their presentation
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serial learning
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what is George Miller's capacity of short term memory?
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7 plus or minus 2
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enables one to measure memory after the passage of time
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Savings method
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memory for more realistic everyday events rather than for abstract lists
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Ecological memory
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invented the sentence completion test
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Ebbinghaus
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what is the most important psychological organ in Germany
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Zeitschrift
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add 1 list to learn after list1 interferes with the relearning of list 1
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Retroactive inhibition
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signifies the importance of distributed practice over massed practice
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Jost's law
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a separation of the task into its components each of which could be introspected
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fractionalism
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instructions people prepare the mind on tasks even though the task is not fully implied
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mental set
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