Psychology 4

Front 1

cognitive psychology the study of mental processes by which the information from the environment is ?

Back 1

modified, mode meaningful, stored, retrieved, used, and communicated .

Front 2

Two goals of cognitive psychology ?

Back 2

1) Know how we process information.

2)Know how we communicate that information to others

Front 3

circle of thought five core funtions of thought

Back 3

Describe, Elaborate, Decide, Plan, and Act

Front 4

Elaborate on the problem ?

Back 4

come up with reasons for why something doesn't work or why something happened .

Front 5

this happens so fast, that you do not even realize that you have gone through all of these steps ?

Back 5

Cirlcle of Thought

Front 6

Information Processing System
__________ the information?

Represents the information with _________?

__________ those representations?

Back 6

Recieve

Symbols

Then Manipulate

Front 7

the manipulation of mental representations ?

Back 7

Thinking

Front 8

Measuring information processing can be done several ways ?

_________ ?

and by

________ the timing of mental events ?

Back 8

studying brain damaged people

Mental Chronometry

Front 9

The time elapsing between the presentation of a stimulus and the appearance of an overt response, the time it takes u to react to something ?

Back 9

Reaction Time

Front 10

Factors that affect reaction time include ?

Back 10

complexity of decision

expectancy

speed - accuracy trade off

stimulus - response compatibility

Front 11

Complexity of Decision is ?

Back 11

complex decisions tend to take longer than simple decisions

Front 12

Expectancy of the stimulus is ?

Back 12

If you expect something, you can react faster to it .

Front 13

Speed - Accuracy Trade Off is ?

Back 13

the faster you do something, the more likely you are to make a high number mistakes

Front 14

Stimulus - Response Compatibility is ?

Back 14

if the relationship between stimuli and responses is natural and compatible, reaction time will be faster.

Front 15

A disadvantage of using reaction time to study information processes is that you cannot ?

Back 15

look at any particular piece of the information processing stream.

Front 16

It tells us how long the entire information processing phase lasts, but ?

Back 16

cannot measure any particular step in the process .

Front 17

a small, temporary change in voltage on an EEG that occurs in response to specific events ?

Another way of measuring information processing ?

Back 17

Evoked Brain Potentials

Front 18

Evoked Brain Potentials are more precise measure of information processing than ?

Back 18

reaction time

Front 19

Electric Peaks on an EEG provide us with ___________?

_________ is one of these peaks?

Back 19

precise information

P300

Front 20

The delay between when the stimulus is presented and the presence of the P300 on the EEG is a measure of how long it takes to complete ____________ of the information processing phase?

Back 20

the first two stages

Front 21

The size of the P300 tells us how much ____________ to the stimulus?

Back 21

attention

Front 22

Unusual or surprising stimuli result in a ?

Back 22

larger P300

Front 23

Mental Representations of Information, information takes ___________ when it enters into our mind ?

Back 23

several forms

Front 24

Categories of objects, events, or ideas with common properties ?

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Concepts

Front 25

A concept that can be clearly defined by a set of rules or properties ?

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Formal Concept

Front 26

Formal Concepts like triangles, squares, and circles ?

Back 26

Geometrical Objects

Front 27

Natural - a concept that has no _____________ (home or game) ?

Back 27

fixed of defining features

Front 28

Prototype - a member of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its _______________ ?

Back 28

qualities (characteristics and features)

Front 29

Propositions - smallest units of knowledge that can stand as ___________ assertions while expressing _______________ among odjects ?

Back 29

separate

relationships

Front 30

Propostions can be evaluated as ____________ and doesn't have to look like a __________?

Back 30

true or flase

sentence

Front 31

Schema - a ___________ developed about categories of objects, events, and people?

Back 31

generalization

Front 32

Script - schemas about familiar _______________ or ________________ ?

Back 32

sequence of events or activites

Front 33

Sets of propositions that represent people's understanding of how things work ?

Back 33

Mental Models

Front 34

Guide our thinking about things and our interactions with them ?

Back 34

Mental Models

Front 35

Images - mental representations of _______________ ?

Back 35

Visual

Front 36

Mental representations of familiar parts of one's world ?

Back 36

Cognitive Maps

Front 37

Reasoning - the process by which we __________ and _________ arguments and _____________ ?

Back 37

generate

evaluate

reach conclusions

Front 38

Deductive Reasoning - using ______________ to derive ______________?

Back 38

general principles

specific information

Front 39

Inductive - using ______________ in order to reach a _______________?

Back 39

specific information

general principles

Front 40

Formal reasoning - the process of following a _____________ in order to reach a _______________?

Back 40

set of procedures

vaild conclusion

Front 41

Formal reasoning Uses _________ reasoning ---- which is ______ reach a _________ ?

Back 41

deductive reasoning

general rules

specific conclusion

Front 42

Sets of statements that provide a formula for drawing valid conclusions ?

Back 42

Rules of Logic

Front 43

Syllogism - a logical argument that contains two or more _____ and ________ ?

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premises

conclusions

Front 44

A systematic procedure that produces a scientifically designed solution to a problem ?

Back 44

Algorithm

Front 45

Errors in Logical Reasoning, we can make a lot of errors in logical reasoning, particularly when _________________?

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we make blanket statements about a group of people .

Front 46

Conclusions are only correct if the ___________ that reach those conclusions are both ____________ ?

Back 46

assumptions

true

Front 47

Why do we make these errors in logical reasoning ?

Back 47

Confirmation Bias

Limits on short term memory

Front 48

Tendency to seek evidence and reach conclusions that are consistent with our existing beliefs; do not seek evidence that may disconfirm our beliefs ?

Back 48

Confirmation Bias

Front 49

Limits on _____________ can also cause us to make these errors in logical reasoning ?

Back 49

short term memory

Front 50

Informal reasoning - the process of evaluating a conclusion, theory, or course of action on the basis of the ________________ ?

Back 50

believability of the evidence

Front 51

Informal Reasoning uses ?

Back 51

inductive reasoning

Front 52

When we use informal reasoning we evaluate __________ and at some point we have _______________ ?

Back 52

information we receive

"enough" information to make a conclusion

Front 53

Heuristics - time-saving ______________ used in reasoning ?

Back 53

mental shortcuts

Front 54

Heruristics, we don't usually look for every piece of mental evidence we have on a subject in order to __________?

Back 54

reach a conclusion

Front 55

Heuristics, we usually come to a conlusion after only a small part of that evidence is ______________?

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deemed to be enough to reach that conclusion.

Front 56

Some heuristics are possibly problematic when used in __________ strategies ?

Back 56

informal reasoning

Front 57

Anchoring heuristic - the probability of an event is estimated by __________________ rather than starting from scratch ?

Future adjustments to this heuristic are _________ ?

Back 57

adjusting a previous estimate

smaller

Front 58

Heuristic - conclusions about whether or not something belongs in a certain class that are based on how similar it is to other items in that class ?

Back 58

Representativeness Heuristic
(Stereotyping)

Front 59

Availability heuristic - the likelihood of an event or the correctness of a hypothesis is judged _____________ ?

Back 59

how easy it is to think of that event or hypothesis .

Front 60

setting the problem, aside can help you clear out the old, incorrect thoughts that bog you down so your mind is clearer when you come back to it ?

Back 60

Incubation

Front 61

Involves continously asking where one is in relation to the final goal, and then deciding on the means by which one can get one step closer to the desired end ?

Back 61

Means - End Analysis

Front 62

Start at the end and then working backwards from your final goal ?

Back 62

working backward

Front 63

Search for similarities between current problems and previously encountered problems that have been successfully solved ?

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Analogies (Insight)

Front 64

Our tendency to focus on a single incorrect hypothesis when more than one hypothesis exists ?

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Multiple Hypothesis

Front 65

The tendency to stick with a problem solving strategy that worked in the past ?

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Mental Set

Front 66

Our Tendency to use familiar objects in familiar, rather than creative ways ?

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Functional Fixed (related to mental set)

Front 67

Our tendency to look for information to confirm rather than refute your chosen hypothesis ?

Back 67

Confirmation Bias

Front 68

The tendency to ignore the absence of information that would help eliminate a hypothesis from consideration ?

Back 68

Ignoring Negative Evidence

Front 69

There are several obstacles that we encounter when problem solving, experts have an advantage when it comes to avoiding these obstacles because they have had many more experiences that require the use of ___________?

They have _______ based on ____________ ?

Tend to perceive the similarities between old and new problems _____________ than beginners ?

They have a broader perspective on the ____________ - again, experience is the advantage here ?

But using past experience can lead to ____________ and _________________ ?

Back 69

problem solving strategies

knowledge / past experience

more deeply

problem solving domain

Mental Set / Funtional Fixed