Psychology

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Psychology

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The scientific behavior and mental processes

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Things psychologists study

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dreams, behavior, reachions, emotions, development, etc

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verifiable

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you can confirm/verify results .. seen in research

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reliability

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same info over time with different obserevers

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vailidity

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measure is valid if it says what its supposed to

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cumulative

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builds on past research

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purblic

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the results need to be available to science and society

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parsimonious

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simplistic - keep things simple

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variable

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any aspect of a situation that can change or vary

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descriptive research

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summarize and organize large things of data

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naturalistic observation

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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control

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laboratory observation

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research and do behavior in controlled settings use more precise stuff for results

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participant reactivity

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observers presence may alter behavior

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experimenter expectancy effects

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person in charge interperts data to fit there own expectations

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case study

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descriptive research - individual or a small group in depth over a period of time

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Survey

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Information about some behavior across large populations

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Population vs. sampling

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group of people you want to make a statement about
sampling- the people you actually want to test

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random sampling

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a sample that fairly represents a population cuz each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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meta analysis

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procedure for statistically combining the result of many different research studies

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correlational research

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describing strengh of relationship

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correlation

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systematic change in one by change in another

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magnitude

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how strong is the relationship. closer to one -its stronger.

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independent variable

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expiriment factor that is manipulated; the variables whose effect is being studied

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dependent variable

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the outcome facor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

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empiricism

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the view that knowledge comes from sense and science flourishes the observation and experience

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structuralism

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an early school of psychology that used inrospection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.

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functionalism

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a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable organisms to adapt, flourish and survive.

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singmund frued

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famous personality theorist and therapist whose ideas influence humanities self understanding

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humanistic pyschology

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historically significan perspective that emphasized growth potential, healthy people used methods to study personal in hopes of fostering personal growth

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basic research

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pure science that aims to increase scientific knowledge base

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basic research

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pure science that aims to increase scientific knowledge base

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applied research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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clinical psychologists

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a branch of psychology that studies assesses and treats ppl with psychological disorders

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counseling psychologists

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branch of psychology that assists people with problems often living conditions

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psyschiatrist

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branch of medicine dealing with psycological disorders practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as therapy

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standard deviation

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computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

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statistical significance

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statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance

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nuerons

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specialize in communication - exchange signals, link senses, organs, muscles and glands to brain

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glial cells

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give to hold nervous system together nourish nuerons and get rid of waste

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dendrites

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short branches - recieve info from nearby nuerons

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soma or cell body

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where message is interperted

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axon

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single long fiber that transmits message

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terminal buttons

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storage where chemical substance and nuerotransmitters

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snyapse

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gap between cells

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myelin sheath

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fatty covering that coats length of axon

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nodes of ranvier

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speeds up rate of traveling message. unmylinated

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sensory nuerons

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make initial contact with the environment carry message inward toward spinal cord and brain

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internuerons

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make no contact with environment convey into from one internal process sight to another

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motor nuerons

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carry message away from the brain and spinal cord take to muscles and glands that produce response.

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threshold

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level of stimulation needed to trigger nural impulse

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resisting potential

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inactive and holds slightly negative charge - fires impulse

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action potential

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elecrtical impulse that travels along axon. speed of transmission depends on number of factors

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reuptake

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total buttons reabsorb/take up nuero transmitters

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agonists

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excitye by mimicing a certain nuerto transmitter or blocking reuptake

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antagonists

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oppose or block the action of nuerotransmitters inhibit affects

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serotonin

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affects mood hunger sleep and arousal

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dopamine

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influences movement attention and arousal

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norepinphrine

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helps control alertness and arousal

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acetycholine

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enables muscle action learning and memory

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central nervous system

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brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

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sensory and motor nuerons that connect central nervous system to rest of body

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somatic system

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division of peripheral nervous system that controls bodys skeletal muscles

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autonomic systerm

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controls glands and muscles of internal organs

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sympathetic division

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division of autonomic nervous system - arouses body during stress

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parasympathetic divison

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calms body - conserving energy

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corpus collosum

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fiber connecting two cerebral hemispheres

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frontal lobe

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involved in speaking muscle movements and judgement

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parietal lobes

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recieves input for touch and body position

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temporal lobes

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auditory area that recieves info primarily from other ear

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occipital lobes

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recieves visual info

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medulla

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base of brain stem that controls hearbeat and breathing

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pons

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relay sensory info between cerebellum and cerembrum - dreams?

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reticular formation

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nerve network in breainstream that plays important part in arousal

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cerebellum

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processing sensory input and coordination movement output and balance

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amygadala

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components of limbic system linked to emotion

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right hemispher

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spacial

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left hemisphere

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verbal

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split brain patients

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corpus collosum severed - seizures

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endocrine system

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set of glands that secretes hormones into blood stream "slow"

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adrenal glands

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secrete hormones ephinphrene and norphinene which arouses body in times of stress

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pituitary gland

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most influencial gland, regulates growth and controls endocrine glands

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lesion

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tissue destruction. - of brain tissue

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behavior genetics

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study of the relative power and limits of genetic environmental influences on behavior

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chromosome

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threadlike structures made up of dna molecules that contain genes

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dna

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complex molecule containing genetic info that makes up chromosomes

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genes

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make up chromosomes, a segment of dna capable of synthesizing protein

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genome

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complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all genetic material in organsims chromosomes

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temprament studies

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a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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heritability

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proportion of variation amoung individuals that we can attribute to genes. varys on range of pop. and environment studied

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gene-environment interactions

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effect one another - environment effects another factor such as heredity

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evolutionary psychology

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study of evolution behavior and mind using principals of natural selection

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natural selection

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principal that among the range of inherited trait, variations those that lead to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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mutation

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a random error in gene replication that leads to change

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sensation

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process where sensory receptors in nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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perception

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process of organizing and interperting sensory info

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psychophysics

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relationship between sensation and perception

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detection

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actively sensing a stimulus

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absolute threshold

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minimum intensity necessary for a stimulus to detect the time its present

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method of limits

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start with weak stimulus

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discrimination

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difference threshold being able to detect the difference between a stimuli and another

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difference threshold

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amount of change needed in order for us to detect the difference

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weber's law

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strong the original stimulus is youd need to produce jnd

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visual transduction

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physical energy strikes receptor cells in the eye which sends nueral impulse to brain

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wavelength

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physical distance from one energy cycle to the next

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amplitude

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height of wave

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frequency

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rate at which wave peaks move past a given point

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cornea

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transparent outercovering that protects the eye

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iris

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ring of colored tissue

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lens

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flexible piece of tissue that helps focus light on the back of eye

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accomodation

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focusing on things by change the shape of lens

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retina

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thin layer of tissue in the back of the eye

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rods

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120 million receptor cells - register shades of gray, more sensitive, useful at night, along sides of retina

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cones

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6 million receptor cells - color vision - high level of light - give better sharpness in center of retina

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optic nerve

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where optic nerve leaves eye

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dark adaptation

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might takes eyes 30 minutes or more to adapt to darkness

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short wavelengths

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blue

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medium wavelengths

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greens

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long wave length

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reds

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trichomatic theory

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retina has 3 types of color receptors

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opponent process theory

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blue-yellow
green-red
white-black