Psychology

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The Structuralists thought the proper goal of psychology was to...

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Break the conscious experience down into its basic elements

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Who originated psychoanalytic psychology?

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Freud

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Psychoanalysis involved "catharsis". What does catharsis refer to?

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A talking cur where early childhood experiences are told.

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The statement " the whole of experience is different from the sum of its parts" sums up which approach to psychology?

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Gestalt

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Humanistic psychology tends to gocus on such concepts as..

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love, feelings, and self-esteem

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Thinking , language, problem solving, and creative ability are receiving the most attention from the

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cognitivist

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The_______ psychologist studies the human life cycle from bith to death

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developmental

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A psychologist interested in how people's unique characteristics and traits influence their responses to a stressful situation could best be classified as a

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personality psychologist

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A research method which consists of manipulating some environmental event in order to observe the effects of the manipulation on the behavior of the subjects under controlled conditions is called a/an

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experiment

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If a researcher is interested in the relationship between birth order (first, second, third born) and popularity, the researcher would be most likely to use the

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correlational method

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The nervous system of all humans consists of two major parts:

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the central and the peripheral nervous systems.

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When you touch a rough surface, the sensation is carried to the central nervous system by the --------nerves

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afferent

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If you touch a hot stove,k you will quickly and automatically remove your hand. The movement of the muscles is a result of nerve impulses from

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motor neurons

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Myelin sheaths serve the purpose of

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insulating the axon to speed neural transmissions

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Neurotransmitter substances are contained and released form the

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axon terminal buttons

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Small gaps in myelin sheath are called

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Nodes of Ranvier

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The autonomic nervous system regulates

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involuntary activities

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The fight or flight response is a direct result of the activation of the

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Sympathetic nervous system

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if you were to fall backward and hit the back of your head very hard on a cement wall, which of the following is a likely result?

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you will become blind

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The degree to which a particular function is controlled by one rather than the other hemisphere is referred to in the text as

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lateralization of function

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What is psychology?

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systematic and scientific study of behavior and mental processes of both humans and other animals

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Rene Descartes/ Dualism

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belief that the mind and body are two distinct entities

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Determinism

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belief that behavior is causes or determined by physical events either within or outside of the body

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Wilhelm Wundt

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first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879

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Structuralism

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focus on breaking down conscious experience into it's basic elememts or structures in an attempt to understand the mind.

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Introspection

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looking inward, clearly breaking down, analyzing, and reporting sensations.

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Basic Flaw

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therapists and researchers would often obtain inconsistant results

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William James/ Functualism

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focus on the functional continually changing, personal nature of conscious experience

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Freud:

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Psychoanalytical/ Psychoanalysis

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Psychoanalytical

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understandin issues of psychology

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Psychoanalysis

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"talking cure" became known as catharsis where people discuss their problems and may feel better

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Psychoanalytical/Psychoanalysis Criticisms

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its theoretical claims cannot be tested in a laboratory

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Psychoanalytical three areas of focus

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1. Early childhood experiances
2. The unconscious mind
3. Sexual urges and drives as main motivation factor in behavior.

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John B Watson/ Behaviorism

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approach of study that focuses on the relationship between environmental events and an organism's behavior

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Gestalt Psychology

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the "whole" of an experience is more than "the sum of its parts"

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Phi Phenomenon

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Moving lights, film

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Humanistic Psychology

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approach of study that focuses on the role of free choice and our ability to make conscious rational decisions about how we live our lives

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Cognitive Psychology

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Focus on how organism process information, Thinking, memory, language, prob lem solving, creativity

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Developmental Psychology

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Factors that influence development from conception through death (lifespan)

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Social Psychology

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studies the impact of the social enviroment on the individual

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Personality Psychology

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Studies how personality develops, how it influences people's behaviour, and how to assess the3 basic elements that make an individual unique

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Experimental Psychology

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primary activity is conducting research in a variety of areas that fall under the realm of psychology

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Biological Psychology

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studies the relationship between behavior and physiological and neurological events or conditions

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Health Psychology

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studies the interaction between behavioral factors and physical health

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Geropsychology

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studies issues that are unique to the aging population and their experiences

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Small gaps in myelin sheath are called

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Nodes of Ranvier

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The autonomic nervous system regulates

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involuntary activities

Front 48

The fight or flight response is a direct result of the activation of the

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Sympathetic nervous system

Front 49

if you were to fall backward and hit the back of your head very hard on a cement wall, which of the following is a likely result?

Back 49

you will become blind

Front 50

The degree to which a particular function is controlled by one rather than the other hemisphere is referred to in the text as

Back 50

lateralization of function

Front 51

What is psychology?

Back 51

systematic and scientific study of behavior and mental processes of both humans and other animals

Front 52

Rene Descartes/ Dualism

Back 52

belief that the mind and body are two distinct entities

Front 53

Determinism

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belief that behavior is causes or determined by physical events either within or outside of the body

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Wilhelm Wundt

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first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879

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Structuralism

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focus on breaking down conscious experience into it's basic elememts or structures in an attempt to understand the mind.

Front 56

Introspection

Back 56

looking inward, clearly breaking down, analyzing, and reporting sensations.

Front 57

Basic Flaw

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therapists and researchers would often obtain inconsistant results

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William James/ Functualism

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focus on the functional continually changing, personal nature of conscious experience

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Freud:

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Psychoanalytical/ Psychoanalysis

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Psychoanalytical

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understandin issues of psychology

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School Psychology

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Focuses on the evaluation and resolution of learning and emotional problems.

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Clinical and Counseling Psychology

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Study and practice of assessing, diagnosing and treating psychological problems.

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What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

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A psychiratrist has medical trainin and is a "doctor" who has specialized in assessment and treatment of mental disorders.

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Eclectic Therapist

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meaning that they borrow from any approach as needed for any individual client
Typically charge much less than a psychiatrist, but depends on the therapy setting

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Goals of Psychology

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•"Describe" without bias and personal interpretation.
•"Explain" be investigation, data collection, referring to existing knowledge and asking questions
•"Predict" behavior based upon the explanations previously made. ('If this is the case....then we can safely assume that this will be the result.")
•"Control" behavior through modification or using influence

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Three basic reasons for research

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oTo Test a hypothesis
oTo Solve a problem
oTo duplicate previous research

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Survey Method

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1.Inexpensive, easy and not time consuming.
2.Data collected may be biased for many reasons. (Demographic bias, sex bias, impact of how questions are presented, convenience samples)

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Case Studies

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1.A major advantage is that a great deal of information can be collected
2.A disadvantage is that the results or the study do not "generalize" well to other populations.

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Correlational Studies

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look at the relationship between things.. Look at how variables might be related. Do not show cause and effect.

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-Independet Variable

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This is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher to see if it changes the value of the DV
*always as 2 levels or more

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Dependent Variable

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- the outcome of study expressed in numbers

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Experiments

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- only form of research that will show cause and effect.
-more control variables
- Laboratory or controlled setting

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Placebo Effect

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minds ability to fool you

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Double Blind Study

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-vounteers don't know
-researcher doesn't know

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Randomly select people
Random assignment

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to assign them to different group

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Neurons

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are bodies way of communication

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Dendrites

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are the receptors, receive messages from other neurons, senses, or organs. only moves in on directions from the dendrites down. Messages are electrical chemical Message. When it gets to the terminal buttons it starts the chemical message.

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• Terminal buttons

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create store and release neurotransmitters (chemicals)

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• Reuptake

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• - naturally occurring event where Neural transmitter is soaked back up into the terminal buttons after being released.

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• Serotonin-neuron transmitter

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has been associated with depression. If your body has too little serotonin

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• SSRI- category of antidepressants

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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

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Central Nervous system

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--Brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous system

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Everything else

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Somatic Nervous system

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voluntary
muscle movements

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• Autonomic Nervous System

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involuntary
Sympathetic
Parasympethetic

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Parasympathetic

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returns things back to normal.

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Efferent (motor neurons)

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exit the spine so you can move

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Afferent (sensory neurons) neurons

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that go away from the senses to the spine

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Medulla

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vital reflexes

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Pons

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connects brain and spine/ also releasing chemicals involved in sleep

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Cerebellum

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coordinated and timed muscle movements

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Amygdala

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responsible for emotional memories

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Hippocampus

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long term memory

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Hypothalamus

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motivated behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, ..etc.)

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Thalamus

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sensory relay station

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Cerebral Cortex

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wrinkled covering of the brain

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Corpus Callosum

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densely packed neurons that both seperates and connects the hemispheres

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Lateralization

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refers to the fact that we know certain functions are in certain hemispheres.

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Occipital lobe

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vision, visual interpretation

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Temporal Lobe

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mainly responsible for hearing and interpreting what you hear.

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Frontal Lobe

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personality, movements, emotion

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Parital lobe

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Sensory info (touch), spatial information

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Electroencephalogram- EEG

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- electrical "waves" in brain activity.
-Used in sleep studies

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Pheneas Gage-

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was a railroad worker that was victim of accident damaged frontal lobe)

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Computerized Axial Tomography- CAT

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Computerized x-ray looking at the structures of the brain

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Positron Emission tomography -PET

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Inject Radioactive substance to see the functioning of the brain

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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radio waves used to look at structures of the brain

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Sensation

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-raw "data"hitting or stimulating your senses

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Synesthesia

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ability to hear flavors or see sounds

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Perception

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- your personalized interpretation

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Retina

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The light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball; it is continuous with the optic nerve

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photoreceptors-

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neurons stimulated by light
•cones- allows to see color, detail, bright light
•rods- black white and shades of grey, no detail, dim light

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Transduction

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raw data---> sensory neuron---> dendrites--->turn into and electrical message

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Adaptation

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sensory neurons get used to a continuous or unchanging stimulus (get bored) so they stop reacting to the stimulus

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Accommodation

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lense changing shape in the eye to allow you to focus

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Threshold

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minimum level of intensity needed for you to sense a stimulus.

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Subliminal Stimulus

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below threshold

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Absolute Threshold

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perceive a stimulus at least 50% of the time

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Difference Threshold

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the change of intensity from the original level of stimulus, must be changed enough for someone to perceive a difference or a change has occurred.

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Weber's Law

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the larger the intensity of the original stimulus, the larger the "change: in intensity has to be to tell that there has been a change. (JND)

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Trichromatic theory-

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• red
• green
• blue
Problem with this theory is we are missing a primary color (yellow is missing- a primary color)

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Gustation

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sense of taste

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Opponent-process theory-

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asserts that emotions are paired, and that when one emotion in a pair is experienced, the other is suppressed.

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Olfaction

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sense of smell

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Kinesthesis

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Bodily sense that provides information about perceptions of the location of various body parts in relation to other parts and about the position of the body in space

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Vestibular sacs

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structures at the junction of the semicircular canals, and cochlea of the middle ear that provide information about the head's position in space.

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Depth Perception

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being able to perceive or understand distance or depth

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Interposition

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cue based only the fact that object close to us then to block out parts of objects that are farther away.

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Monocular Cue
Linear perspective

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binocular cue in which parallel lines go off in a distance appear to come together

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Monocular Cue
Texture Gradient

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cue based on the fact that textured surfaces appear to be smoother, denser, and less textured when they are far from the viewer than when they are close

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Monocular Cue
Motion Parallax

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cue based on the fact that moving object appear to move a greater distance when they are close to the viewer than when they are far away

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binocular Cues
Convergence

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muscles in the eye move your eye inward, the closer things get.

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binocular Cues
Retinal Disparity

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the differences in the image hitting the retina of one eye compared to the other because they are in different locations

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Visual Cliff

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illusion of a cliff, allowing researchers to test the ability of animals to perceive and respond to depth cues

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Drug abuse

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continued use of a drug even though the user knows it's causing dysfunction or negatively impacts life.

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Drug Use

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means your using a drug

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Withdrawal

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reaction of stopping the use of a substance (negative issues, even painful reactions)

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Opponent-process theory-

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asserts that emotions are paired, and that when one emotion in a pair is experienced, the other is suppressed.

Front 139

Olfaction

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sense of smell

Front 140

Kinesthesis

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Bodily sense that provides information about perceptions of the location of various body parts in relation to other parts and about the position of the body in space

Front 141

Vestibular sacs

Back 141

structures at the junction of the semicircular canals, and cochlea of the middle ear that provide information about the head's position in space.

Front 142

Depth Perception

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being able to perceive or understand distance or depth

Front 143

Interposition

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cue based only the fact that object close to us then to block out parts of objects that are farther away.

Front 144

Monocular Cue
Linear perspective

Back 144

binocular cue in which parallel lines go off in a distance appear to come together

Front 145

Monocular Cue
Texture Gradient

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cue based on the fact that textured surfaces appear to be smoother, denser, and less textured when they are far from the viewer than when they are close

Front 146

Monocular Cue
Motion Parallax

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cue based on the fact that moving object appear to move a greater distance when they are close to the viewer than when they are far away

Front 147

binocular Cues
Convergence

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muscles in the eye move your eye inward, the closer things get.

Front 148

binocular Cues
Retinal Disparity

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the differences in the image hitting the retina of one eye compared to the other because they are in different locations

Front 149

Visual Cliff

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illusion of a cliff, allowing researchers to test the ability of animals to perceive and respond to depth cues

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Drug abuse

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continued use of a drug even though the user knows it's causing dysfunction or negatively impacts life.

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Drug Use

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means your using a drug

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Withdrawal

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reaction of stopping the use of a substance (negative issues, even painful reactions)

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Psychological dependence

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the condition in which a person feels that he or she needs drugs in order to cope with problems, function better in life, or feel different, whether there is a physical addiction or not.

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Physiological dependence

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A state of dependency or addiction in which one has physically adapted to a substance and often requires increasing amounts to achieve the same effect. Physical distress may be experienced upon discontinuing use of the drug

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Tolerance

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after repeated use of a substance you need more and more to acheive same impact of the substance

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NREM Non Rapid eye movement sleep

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stages of sleep during which rapid eye movements typically do not occur.

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REM Rapid eye movement sleep

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State of sleep characgterized by rapid eye movements, and often associated with dreaming.

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NREM Stage 1 sleep

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Light sleep that occurs just after dozing off, characterized by brain waves called theta waves

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NREM Stage 2 sleep

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characterized by brief bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles as well as K-complex responses to stimuli such as noises

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NREM Stage 3 sleep

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Characterized by an EEG tracing 20 to 50 percent of which consists of delta waves. virtually no eye movement

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NREM Stage 4 sleep

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Deepest level of sleep, EEG tracing exceeding 50 percent delta waves and virtually no eye movements

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Paradoxical sleep

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A recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs; a state of rapidly shifting eye movements during sleep

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pseudoparalysis

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A voluntary restriction or inhibition of motion because of pain, incoordination, or other cause, not due to actual muscular paralysis.

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Hallucinations

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Illusory perception; a common symptom of severe mental disorder

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REM rebound

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lengthening and increase in frequency and density of REM periods, which results in an increase in REM percent above base line. REM rebound follows REM deprivation once the inhibitory influence is removed

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Sleep disorders

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class of disorders that interfere with sleep

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Insomnia

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consistent inability to get ot sleep or by frequent awakenings during sleep

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Sleep Apnea

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irregular breathing during sleep

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Narcolepsy

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falling asleep suddenly and uncontrollably

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Sleep

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when a person suddenly awakens from stage 4 sleep in a panic, typically with no recollections of a bad dream