Psychology

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A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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Motivation

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A complex behavior that is rigidly, patterned through a species and is unlearned

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Instinct

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Attempts to explain behavior as arising from a physiological need that creates aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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Drive-reduction theory

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The body's tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

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Homeostasis

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Positive or negative environmental stimuli

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Incentives

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Proposes that human motives may be ranked from the basic, physiological level through higher-level needs for safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization; until they are satisfied, the more basic needs are more compelling than higher-level ones

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

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Blood sugar, is the major source of energy for the body's tissues, elevating level of this in the body will reduce hunger

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Glucose

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An individual's regulated weight level, which is maintained by adjusting food intake and energy output

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Set point

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The body's base rate of energy expenditure when resting

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Basal metabolic rate

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Eating disorder, most common in adolescent females, in which a person restricts food intake to become significantly underweight and yet still feels fat

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Anorexia nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by private "binge-purge" episodes overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive execise

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Bulimia nervosa

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Described by Masters and Johnson consists of four stages of bodily reation: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

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Sexual response cycle

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Resting period after orgasm, during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm

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Refactory period

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Problem- such as erectile disorder, premature ejaculation, and orgasmic disorder- that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

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Sexual disorder

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A sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Peaks during ovulation and triggers sexual receptivity

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Estrogen

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Refers to a person's enduring attraction to members of either the same or the opposite gender

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Sexual orientation

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State of focused consciousness on a task that optimally engages a person's skills, often accompanied by a diminished awareness of self and time

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Flow

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Subfield of psychology that studies and advises on issues related to optimizing behavior in work-places

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Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

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A subfield of industrial-organizational psychology that applies psychological methods and principles to the selctection and evaluation of workers

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Personnel psychology

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A subfield of industrial-organizational psychology that explores how work environments and management styles affect worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity

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Organizational psychology

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Interview in which an interviewer asks the same job-relevant questions of all interviewees, who are then rated on established evaluation scales

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Structured interview

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A desire for signifcant accomplishment; mastery of things, people or ideas; and attaining a high standard

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Achievement motivation

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Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

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Task leadership

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Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

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Social leadership

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Managers assume that employees are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from above

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Theory X

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Managers assume that, under the proper conditions, employees are intrinsically motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence

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Theory Y

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A repsonse of the whole organism invloving three components (1) physical arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

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Emotion

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States that emotional experiences are based on an awareness of the body's response to emotion-arousing stimuli: a stimulus triggers the body's responses that in turn trigger the experienced emotion

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James-Lange theory

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States that the conscious, sunjective experience of an emotion occures at the same time as the body's physical reaction

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Cannon-Bard theory

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Proposes that emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label. Thus, physical arousal is a necessary, but not a sufficient, component of emotional change. For an emotion to be experienced, arousal must be attributed to an emotional cause

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The two-factor theory of emotion

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Lie detector, is a device that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

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Polygraph

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Emtional release; accourding to the _____ hypothesis, by expressing our anger, we can reduce it

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Catharis

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The tendency of people to be helpful when they are in a good mood

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Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

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Refers to a person's sense of satisfaction with his or her life

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Subjective well-being

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Refers to our tendency to judge things relative to our prior experience

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Adaptation-level phenomenon

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The sense that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

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Relative deprivation

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The interdisciplinary field that applies behavioral and medical knowledge to the treatment of disease and the promtion of health

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Behavioral medicine

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A subfield of psychology that studies how helath and illness are influenced by emotions, stress, personality, life-style, and other psychological factors

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Health psychology

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Refers to the process by which people perceive and react to stressors, or to events they perceive as threatening or challenging

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Stress

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The three-stage sequence of bodily reaction to stress outlined by Hans Selye

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General adaption syndrome (GAS)

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The leading cause of death in the United States today, results from the clogging of the coronary arteries and the subsequent reduction in blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscle

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Coronary heart disease

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Personality is Friedman and Rosenman's term for the coronary-prone behavior pattern of competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally agressive, and anger-prone people

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Typer A

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Personality is Friendman and Rosenman's term for the coronary-resistant behavior pattern of easygoing people

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Type B

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Any genuine illness such as hypertension and headaches that is apparently linked to stress rather than cause by a physical disorder

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Psychophysiological illness
(Memory Aid: Psycho- refers to mind; physio- refer to body)

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The two types of white blood cells of the immune system that fight bacterial infections (B ______) and viruses, cancer cells, and foriegn substances i nthe body (T ______)

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Lymphocytes

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Any sustained activity such as running, swimming, or cycling that promotes heart and lung fitness and may help alleviate depression and anxiety

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Aerobic exercies

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Refers to a system for electronically recording, ampylifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state

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Biofeedback
(Memory aid: A biofeedback device, such as a brain-wave trainer, provides auditory or visual feedback about bilogical responses)

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A collection of health care remedies and treatments that have not been accepted by medical scince nore verified by contolled research trials

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Complemntary and Alternative Medicine