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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is greek naturalism?
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knowledge from understanding the external/physical world.
mind and matter cannot be separated |
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which philosopher is associated with greek naturalism?
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Thales (640-546)
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what internal and external factors influence behavior?
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nature and nurture
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what is greek humanism?
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reasoning within yourself, important things arent physical (mind/soul and body dualism)
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who is known for the greek humanism knowledge through reason?
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Socrates (470-399)
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who is known for the greek humanism that rational soul permits introspection and knowledge?
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Plato (427-347)
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who is known for the greek humanism christianity and the divine soul?
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st augustine (354-430)
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what is dualism
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you can separate the mind and body
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what is vitalism
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energy that connects the mind and body
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what is the law of parsimony and what kind of roots is it
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it means to go to the simplist solution or explanation first. scientific roots.
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who is founder of law of parsimony
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william occam
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scientific roots- scholasticism - faith and reason were reconciled. who said it
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st thomas aquinas
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deductive reasoning:
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from general conclusion to prediction of specific events
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inductive reasoning:
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from specific observations to a general conclusion
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who came up with deductive reasoning
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Galileo (1564-1626)
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who came up with inductive reasoning
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bacon 1561-1626
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physiological roots include:
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nerve induction and vitalism, psychophysics
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who came up with nerve induction and vitalism and what did he do work in
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hemholtz, neuroscience
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psychophysics and just noticeable difference was from what two guys?
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weber and fechner
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difference threshold
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the smallest detectable difference in the magnitude of two stimuli
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weber's law
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the principle stating that ability to notice a difference in the magnitude of 2 stimuli is a constant proportion of the size of the standard stimulus. psychologically the more intense a stimulus is to begin with, the more intense it will need to become for one to notice a change.
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psychophysics
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a field of psychology in which researchers search for ways to describe the transition from the physical stimulus to the psychological experience of that stimulus
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evolutionary roots include:
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natural selection as a mechanism for evolution, pathway to comparative evolutionary psychology and testing measurements
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natural selection as mechanism for evolution was proposed by
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darwin- he recognized the importance of individual variation
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philosophical roots include:
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british empiricism, rationalism, romanticism, existentialism
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what is british epiricism and who proposed it
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a pathway to behaviorism and learning the mind is passive (tabula rasa)- Locke
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what is tabula rasa
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clean slate
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what is rationalism and who proposed it
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a pathway to cognitive psychology, mind is active processor with innate components - Leibniz (rationalists protest that infants are programmed)
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what is romanticism and who proposed it
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a pathway to psychotherapy emphasis on feelings and unconcious mind - schopenhauer - dream analysis and subconscious motivation
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what is existentialism and who proposed it
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a pathway to humanist psychotherapy, individual subjective interpretation of world is important - kierkegaard (discovering who you are, identify your interests and values)
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what is phrenology
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determining personality and behavioral characteristics by external study of head (lumps measurements etc)
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name seven schools of psychology
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structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, physiological, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic
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what is the emmanuel movement
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protestants offered counseling (american psychology)
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who is known for structuralism and what is it
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elements of the mind- experimental introspection - wundt
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what is functionalism and who are the 2 men
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emphasis on individual differences and function/application (W. James) intelligence testing (binet)
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behaviorism is .. and 2 guys?
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study behavior not mind (watson) S-R... stimulus response.. and reinforcement (skinner)
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skinner claims that if you give him 10 infants he can do what
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turn them into anything by shaping their environment
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its easier to study behaviorism due to ___
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operational definition (not mind)
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what is operational definition
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a means of describing/measurement
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who was functionalism inspired by
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darwin
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what is physiological psychology and who
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structure/function relationships in brain (sperry)
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what is cognitive psychology and what 2 guys
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child development (piaget) and computers and information processing memory (miller)
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what is psychoanalytic and who
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unconscious and conflict resolution (freud)
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humanistic psychology is... and who
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self-actualization - helping you develop. (maslow) this is the newest school of psych
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name some types of psychologists
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look on paper
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we are not striving for facts as scientists but rather.. ___
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variables
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science is about an ___ process
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active
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we are not interested in the ___ but we are trying to ___
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truth, understand how variables react with one another
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we are guessing about __ and ___ and seeing if the __ is supported
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cause and effect, hypothesis
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cause and effect, ___ and ___
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independent, dependent
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a hypothesis has to be ___ and is usually ___
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testable, focused
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there must be a ___ in the prediction
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valence. (good hyoptheis: i predict an increase in behavior. bad hypothesis: i predict a change in behavior)
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what is the correlational method?
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doing surveys, can only make weak inferences, could have extraneous variables.
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what are extraneous variables
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variables unknown or not controlled
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sometimes a correlation may not have what
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a cause-effect relation
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independent variable
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the aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiment. it must consist of at least 2 conditions. (scientific defined method of delivery)
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dependent variable
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the behavior that is measured or observed in an experiment, usually more than one
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its best to avoid what with your subjects?
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pathologys (diseases), reduce variability, representative
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what does the term running blind mean?
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subjects dont know certain information about the experiment
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running double blind means?
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experimentors dont choose or know certain things so they dont seem biased.
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the most common extraneous variable in a behavior experiment is the __ ___
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practice effect- whenever you run your subjects more than once you must control for practice effect- must have a control group
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if the two groups differ measurements at the baseline.... what should u do
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its bad! you should fractionate and redivide as long as you make sure your methods are the same
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what does ANOVA stand for
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analyses of variance
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which group variance do you want to minimize?
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within group variance
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which group variance do you want to maximize?
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between group variance
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what is the p value
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if probability is less than .05 its a significant effect, but if it is more than .05 its not
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what is external validity?
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the experiment's relevance to the real world
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what is internal validity?
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how well the experiment was structured - extent to which an experiment has effectively controlled for confounding variables
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what is individual variation
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you dont know where you will fall within results
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on a graph where does the dependent measure go
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y axis
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on a graph where does the baseline go
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x axis, at the measurement that first trial brings
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where does the experimental measurement go
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on the x axis usually to the right of the baseline
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descriptive analyses:
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the results of the second trial have a significant between group variance
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what is inferential analyses
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within group variance is there. the humps overlap. this is bad
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what are some subject rights
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informed consent, may terminate participation, debreifing, anonymity, and institutional review boards
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we can stimulate tissue and also __ out tissue
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lesion (burn out)
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using __ we can record activity in the brain
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electrodes
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histology is?
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studying brain tissue, during autopsy, depends on def of cells
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the ___ is the part of the brain responsible for coordination
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hindbrain
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what does the reflex arc do?
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gets you out of harms way
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describe how reflex arc works
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neuron travels from skin to spinal cord, sends out motor neuron to muscle
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all sensory goes through the ___
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thalamus
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after sensory goes to the thalamus it....
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projects to the cortex
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the ____ area lets you know which part of the body hurts
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somatosensory
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what is an out of body experience and what causes it?
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you percieve you are in another physical place - angular gynus
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what is the limbic system?
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a system of structures thought to be involved in motivational and emotional behaviors (amygdala) and memory (hippocampus)
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what does the autonomic nervous system do?
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prepares us for action
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what does sympathetic arousal do?
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get ready for action
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what does parasympathetic arousal do?
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relax you, bring you back
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what does the corpus callosum do and what can cutting it avoid
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connects the 2 brain hemispheres - seizures
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what does the hypothalamus do?
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it has cells that stimulate sex and eating
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what is always a component in behavior
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environment
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what are some methods used to study the brain?
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stimulation lesion record brain imaging histology
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who won a nobel prize for histology
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ramon y cajal
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whats the medulla do
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respiration, heart rate, muscle tone
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whats the reticular formation do
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sleep and walking
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what causes a neuron dysfunction that results in paralysis
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myelin
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what part of the brain is responsible for contemplation and response after reflex
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forebrain
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what is the area of the cerebral cortex where impulses from the nerve centers to the muscles originate
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motor cortex
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where does the language take place in brain
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forebrain
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where does speaking happen
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brocas area
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where does listening happen
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wernickes area
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where is reading function in brain
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angular gyrus
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where is hypothalamus and what system does it contain
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forebrain. autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic
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whats the left hemisphere do?
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more verbal, mathematical, analytical
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whats the right hemisphere do?
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more visual/spatial emotion
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who won a nobel prize for split brain studies
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sperry
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who is responsible for early experience plasticity of the brain
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gerall
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what is the building block of the nervous system?
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neuron
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whats the purpose of the dendritic field
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its where the input goes in
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what does the cell body do
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maintenance
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the __ will terminate at another neuron
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axon
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__ activity runs down the axon and __ with other neurons
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electrical, communicates
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what is the region where the axon comes close to end and releases chemical
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synapse
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axons have ___ membranes
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permeable
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what is going on in the electrical activity
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theres an exchange of ions inside and outside
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what is the action potential
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positive ions move in and negative move out
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what is the resting potential
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negative ions move inside and positive out
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what will close off icon channels and kill you instantly?
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neurotoxins
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what are 2 forces that affect ion movement?
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force of difusion and electrostatic charge/pressure
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the junction of the neurons is the __
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synapse
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__ is presynaptic
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axon
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___ is post synaptic
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below the cleft
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what is the building block of the nervous system?
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neuron
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whats the purpose of the dendritic field
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its where the input goes in
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what does the cell body do
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maintenance
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the __ will terminate at another neuron
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axon
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__ activity runs down the axon and __ with other neurons
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electrical, communicates
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what is the region where the axon comes close to end and releases chemical
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synapse
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axons have ___ membranes
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permeable
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what is going on in the electrical activity
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theres an exchange of ions inside and outside
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what is the action potential
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positive ions move in and negative move out
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what is the resting potential
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negative ions move inside and positive out
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what will close off icon channels and kill you instantly?
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neurotoxins
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what are 2 forces that affect ion movement?
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force of difusion and electrostatic charge/pressure
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the junction of the neurons is the __
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synapse
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__ is presynaptic
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axon
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___ is post synaptic
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below the cleft
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electric activity stimulates the ___, releases ___, and then ___
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vesicles, chemical, neurotransmitter
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__ and ___ bind
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receptors neurotransmitters
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neurons connecting is not electrical but _
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chemical
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what is the beginning of an axon?
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the hillock
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in the hillock theres a __ and the axon ___ ___
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summation, fires activity
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which disease has a tremor. it needs dopamine in the midbrain to mediate the behavior
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parkinsons disease
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what disease has too much dopamine, need to block some
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schizophrenia
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which disease has loss of acetylcholine, theres a structural change of neuron
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alzheimers
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what disease has underactive serotonin and norepinephrine
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endogenous depression
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