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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-Emphasis on the unconscious
-3 levels of awareness in consciousness -Id, Ego, Superego |
Sigmund Freud
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The 3 Levels of Consciousness according to Freud
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1. Conscious
2. Preconscious 3. Unconscious |
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Involuntarily removing an unpleasant meory, thought, or perception from consciousness or barring disturbing sexual and agressive impulses from consciousness.
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Repression
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Attributing one's own undesirable traits, thoughts, behavior, or impulses to another.
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Projection
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Refusing to acknowledge consciously the existence of danger or a threatening situation.
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Denial
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Supplying a logical, rational, or socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action or event.
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Rationalization
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Reverting to a behavior that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier stage of development.
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Regression
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Expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of disturbing, unconscious impulses and desires.
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Reaction Formation
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Substituting a less threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or agressive impulse.
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Displacement
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Rechanneling sexual and aggressive energy into pursuits or accomplishments that society consideres acceptable or even admirable.
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Sublimation
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Jill forgets a traumatic incident from childhood.
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Example of Repression
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A very lonely divorced woman accuses all men of having only one thing on their minds.
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Example of Projection
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Amy fails to take a tornado warning seriously and is severly injured.
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Example of Denial
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Fred tells his friends that he didn't get the job because he didn't have connecetions.
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Example of Rationalization
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Susan bursts into tears whenever she is criticized.
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Example of Regression
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A former purchaser of pronography, Bob is now a tireless crusader against it.
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Example of Reaction Formation
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After being spanked by his father, Bill hits his baby brother.
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Example of Displacement
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Tim goes to a gym to work out when he feels hostile and frusterated.
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Example of Sublimation
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Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development.
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1. Oral
2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
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-Birth to 1 year
-Mouth -Conflicts/Experiences: Weaning; Oral gratification from sucking, eating, biting -Adult Traits: optimism, gulibility, dependency, pessimism, passivity, hostility, sarcasm, aggression |
Oral Stage
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-1 to 3 years
-Anus -Deals w/ Toilet training -Conflict: Gratification from expelling and withholding feces -Adult Traits: Excessive cleanliness, orderliness, stinginess, messiness, reelliousness, destructiveness |
Anal Stage
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-3 to 5 years
-Genitals -Oedipal conflict, Sexual Curiosity, Masturbation - Adult traits: Flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscui9ty, pride, chastity |
Phallic Stage
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-5 or 6 years to puberty
-No specific part of the body -Period of sexual calm/interest in school, hobbies, same-sex friends -No adult traits |
Latency Stage
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-From puberty on
-Genitals -Revival of sexual interests/establishment of mature sexual relationships -No adult traits |
Genital Stage
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Who believed personality is almost completely formed at age 5 or 6, when the Oedipal conflict is resolved and the superego is formed?
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Freud
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Influences of:
1. The traits that develop b/c of fixations at any of the psychosexual stages 2. The relative strengths of the id, the ego, and the superego |
Freuds 2 primary sources of influence on personality
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Who emphasized the importance of the relationship with the primary caregiver in the early years?
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Freud
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Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney are all what type of psychologists?
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Neo-Freudians
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Who did not consider the sexual instinct to be the main factor in personality; nor did he believe that the personality is almost completely formed in early childhood?
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Carl Jung
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Who believed that the middle age was an even more importaint period for personality development; and dissagreed with Freud on the basic structure of personality?
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Carl Jung
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A former purchaser of pronography, Bob is now a tireless crusader against it.
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Example of Reaction Formation
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After being spanked by his father, Bill hits his baby brother.
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Example of Displacement
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Tim goes to a gym to work out when he feels hostile and frusterated.
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Example of Sublimation
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Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development.
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1. Oral
2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
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-Birth to 1 year
-Mouth -Conflicts/Experiences: Weaning; Oral gratification from sucking, eating, biting -Adult Traits: optimism, gulibility, dependency, pessimism, passivity, hostility, sarcasm, aggression |
Oral Stage
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-1 to 3 years
-Anus -Deals w/ Toilet training -Conflict: Gratification from expelling and withholding feces -Adult Traits: Excessive cleanliness, orderliness, stinginess, messiness, reelliousness, destructiveness |
Anal Stage
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-3 to 5 years
-Genitals -Oedipal conflict, Sexual Curiosity, Masturbation - Adult traits: Flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscui9ty, pride, chastity |
Phallic Stage
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-5 or 6 years to puberty
-No specific part of the body -Period of sexual calm/interest in school, hobbies, same-sex friends -No adult traits |
Latency Stage
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-From puberty on
-Genitals -Revival of sexual interests/establishment of mature sexual relationships -No adult traits |
Genital Stage
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Who believed personality is almost completely formed at age 5 or 6, when the Oedipal conflict is resolved and the superego is formed?
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Freud's explination of personality
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Influences of:
1. The traits that develop b/c of fixations at any of the psychosexual stages 2. The relative strengths of the id, the ego, and the superego |
Freuds 2 primary sources of influence on personality
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Who emphasized the importance of the relationship with the primary caregiver in the early years?
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Freud
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Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney are all what type of psychologists?
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Neo-Freudians
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Who did not consider the sexual instinct to be the main factor in personality; nor did he believe that the personality is almost completely formed in early childhood?
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Carl Jung
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Who believed that the middle age was an even more importaint period for personality development; and dissagreed with Freud on the basic structure of personality?
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Carl Jung
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The conscious component of personality, which carries out normal daily activities; believed to be of secondary importance to the unconscious.
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Ego (According to Jung)
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Resembles a combination of Freud's preconscious and unconscious.
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Personal Unconscious (Jung)
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Most influencial to personality according to Jung
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Collective Unconscious
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Deepest and most inaccessible layer of the unconscious; Jung thought that the universal experiences of humankind throughout evolution are transmitted to each of us and reside here. This is how Jung accounted for the similarity of certain myths, dreams, symbols, and religious beliefs.
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Collective Unconscious
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An inherited tendency to respond to universal human situations in particular ways.
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Archetype
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1. Shadow
2. Persona 3. Anima 4. Animus 5. Self |
Archetypes named by Jung
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The public face one shows to the world; consistant with the roles an individual plays and helps them to function socially.
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Persona
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Represents the "negative" side of the personality; to deny this gives it more power.
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Shadow
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"Inner feminine figure" w/in the unconscious of every man
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Anima
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"Inner masculine figure" w/in the unconscious of every woman
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Animus
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Repersents the full development of personality and is attained only when the opposing internal forces are integrated and balanced.
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Self
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Tendency to be outgoing, adaptable, and sociable.
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Extraversion
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Tendency to focus inward and to be reflective, retiring, and nonsocial.
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Introversion
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Who dissagreed w/ most of Freud's basic beliefs; emphasized the *unity* of the personality rather than the seperate warring components of id, ego, and superego
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Alfred Adler
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Who believed that human behavior is motivated more by the conscious than by the unconscious and that people are influenced more by future goals than by early childhood experiences.
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Alfred Adler
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Who maintained that birth order influences personality, making first-born children more likely than their younger siblings to be high achievers.
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Alfred Adler
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Who's work centered on 2 main themes:
1. the neurotic personality 2. femenine psychology |
Karen Horney
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Karen Horney stressed the importance of what type of experiances?
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Early childhood experiances
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Karen Horney believed that what could continue to develop and change throughout life?
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Personality
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Who insisted that women really want the same opportunities, same rights and privileges as males?
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Karen Horney
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Karen Horney believed that in order to be psychologically healthy, we all need ______ & _____.
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Safety and Satisfaction
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A neurotic person will use only ____ way(s) to reduce anxiety and will use it/them excessively and inappropriately.
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One Way
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1. Extroversion
2. Neuroticism 3. Conscientiousness 4. Agreeableness 5. Openness to Experience |
The 5-factor Theory
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This dimension of the 5-factor theory contracts such traits as sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive, and active with more introvered traits such as withdrawn, quiet, passive, retiring, and reserved.
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Extroversion
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This part of the 5-factor theory states that these type of people are prone to emotional instability. They tend to experience negative emotions and to be moody, irritable, nervous, and inclined to worry. This differentiates people who are anxious, excitable, and easily distressed from those who are emotionally stable and thus calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed.
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Neuroticism
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This factor differentiates individuals who are dependable, organized, reliable, responsible, thorough, hard-working, and persevering from those who are undependable, disorganized, impulsive, unreliable, irresponsible, careless, negligent, and lazy.
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Conscientiousness
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This factor is composed of a collection of traits that range from compassion to antagonism toward others. This type of person would be a pleasant person, good-natured, warm, sympathetic, and coopertaive; the opposite would tend to be unfriendly, unpleasant, aggressive, argumentative, cold, and even hostile or vindictive.
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Agreeableness
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This factor contrasts indivuduals who seek out varied experiences and who are imaginative, intellectually curious, and broad-minded with those who are concrete-minded and practical and whose interests are narrow. Researches have found that this factor is a requirement for creative accomplishment.
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Openness to Experience
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B.F. Skinner is what type of psychologist?
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Behaviorist
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These type of psychologists deny that there is any such thing as personality; they believe it is nothing more or less than a collection of learned behaviors or habits that have been reinforced in the past.
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Behaviorists
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Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are what type of psychologists?
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Humanistic personality
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Who claimed motivational factors were at the root of personality?
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Abraham Maslow
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1. Physiological Needs
2. Safety Needs 3. Belonging and love needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Need for self-actualization |
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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Developing to one's fullest potential.
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Self-Actualization
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These traits would indicate:
accurate in perceiving reality, able to judge honestly and to spot quickly the fake and dishonest; comfortable w/ life; accept themselves and others; good humor and tolerance; believe they have a mission to accomplish; tend not to depend on external authority or other people but seem to be inner-driven, autonomous, and independent. |
Self-Actualization characteristics
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Carl Rogers was involved with ______-______ therapy.
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Person-centered therapy
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Mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning.
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Psychologicacl Disorder
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_________ Perspective
Cause: abnormal behavior is a symptom of an underlying physical disorder Treatment: Drugs or surgery |
Biological Perspective
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Genetic inheritance, biochemical abnormalities, or imbalances, structural abnormalities w/in the brain and/or infection are examples of what perspective?
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Biological Perspective
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_________ Perspective:
Cause: along w/ an inherited predisposition to a disorder the environment must be right to "trigger" the disorder treatment: an eclectic approach employing treatments from one or more perspectives |
Biopsychosocial Perspective
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__________ Perspective:
cause: stem from early childhood experiences and unresolved, unconscious conflicts, usually of a sexual or aggressive nature treatment: bring disturbing repressed material to consciousness through the process of psychoanalysis (therapy) |
Psychodynamic Perspective
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__________ Perspective:
cause: behavioral symptions themselves are the disorder; get rid of the behavior and the problem is solved treatment: use classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling to extinguish abnormal behavior and increase adaptive behavior |
Learning Perspective (Behaviorism)
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___________ Perspective:
cause: faulty and negative thinking cause abnormal behaviors treatment: change faulty, irrational, and/or negative thinking |
Cognitive Perspective
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________ Perspective:
cause: disorders result when a person's "natural tendency towards self-actualization" is blocked. treatment: remove the blocks and the person can move back towards self-actualization; increase self-acceptance, help the client become more inner-directed. |
Humanistic Perspective
(Maslow & Rogers) |
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Most widely accepted diagnostic system in the US; describes about 290 mental disorders and their symptoms.
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DSM-IV
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Most serious psychological disorder; a severe psychological disorder characterized by loss of contact w/ reality, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate or flat affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawl, and/or other bizzarre behavior
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Schizophrenia
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Symptoms that are added to the thoughts and behaviors that are characteristic of normal functioning
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Positive Symptoms
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Symptoms that are removed from thoughts or behaviors that are characteristic of normal functioning
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Negative Symptoms
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Sensory perception that is not really there; imaginary sensation; taste, see, hear, feel, smell strange things in the absense of any stimulus in the environment
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Hallucinations
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Most common hallucination in schizophrenia
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Hearing voices
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False beliefs not generally shared by others; usually the patient cannot be persuaded that their beliefs aren't real.
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Delusions
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Believing hallucinations are actually real
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Example of a delusion
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Delusion of ______: a false belief that one is a famous person, or that they possess some great knowledge
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Delusion of gradeur
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Delusion of _____: false belief that a person or group is trying in some way to harm one
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Delusion of persecution
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Loosening of associations, or derailment, when a person does not follow one line of thought to completion, shift from one subject to another
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Disorganized thinking and speech
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1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions 3. Disorganized thinking and speech 4. Grossly disorganized or bizarre behavior 5. Inappropriate affect (emotion) |
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
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Like child-like silliness, disheveled appearance, and peculiar dress; possible might get agitated easily, including shouting and swearing, and unusual or inappropriate motor behavior, strange gestures, facial expressions, or postures
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Grossly disorganized or bizarre behavior
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Facial expressions, tone of voice, and gestures may not reflect the emotion that would be expected under the circumstances
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Inappropriate affect
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1. Social withdrawl
2. Loss of motivation 3. Lack of goal-directed activity 4. Very limited speech 5. Slowed movements 6. Poor hygiene and grooming |
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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Showing practically no emotional response at all
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Flat affect
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1. Parinoid
2. Disorganized 3. Catatonic 4. Undifferentiated |
Types of Schizophrenia
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__________ Schizophrenics:
often suffer from delusions of grandeur or persecution; show exaggerated anger or suspiciousness; may become violent in an attempt to protect themselves; better chance of recovery |
Parinoid Schizophrenia
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__________ Schizophrenics:
Most serious type; marked by extreme social withdrawl, hallucinations, delusions, silliness, inappropriate laughter, grimaces, grotesque mannerisms, and other bizarre behaviors; have the poorest chance of recovery |
Disorganied Schizophrenia
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Most serious type of schizophrenia and poorest chance for recovery
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Disorganized Schizophrenia
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___________ Schizophrenics:
May display complete stillness and stupor, or great excitement and agitation. Often, they alternate between the two. |
Catatonic Schizophrenia
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_________ Schizophrenics:
Catchall category when their are symptoms, but not to any one particular category |
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
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1. Genetic inheritance
2. Environmental factors 3. Excessive dopamine levels 4. Gender |
Causes of Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia tends to appear between what ages?
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18-24
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Schizophrenics are particularly vulnerable to ____.
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Stress
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Drugs that are used to treat this illness block dopamine.
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Schizophrenia
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___ out of ___ patients given medications for schitzofrenia do not show improvement from symptoms.
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1 out of 3
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Schizophrenia is more common in men or women?
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Men
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Men or women tend to develop symptoms at an earlier age and do not respond as well to treatment?
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Men
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Why do females tend to get schizophrenia less than males?
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Estrogen hormones
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Disorders characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in feeling and mood
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Mood Disorders
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Two broad categories of _____:
1. Depressive Disorders 2. Bipolar Disorders |
Mood disorders
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A mood disorder marked by feelings of great sadness, dispair, guilt, worthlessness, and hopelessness.
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Some seem to be doing everything in slow motion; some seem to do the opposite, fidgety, pacing, constantly moving.
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Psychomotor disturbances
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___________ disorder can be so severe that a person might hallucinate or suffer delusions
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Depression
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Hallucinations and delusions are both symptoms of _______ depression.
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Psychotic
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What is the #1 disability in the US and around the world?
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Depression
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What is the most common serious psychological disorder?
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Depression
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Females are ____ times more likely than males to suffer from depression.
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2 times
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Before puberty _____ are more likely than ____ to suffer from depression.
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Boys; girls
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The highest rate of depression tends to occur within those suffering from what?
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Chronic pain
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_________ tend to have lower rates of depression throughout the world.
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Asians
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Milder form of depression; experience depressed mood but suffer from fewer of the associated symptoms; chronic disorder that lasts 2 years or longer; most suffering from this will also experiance episodes of major depression
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Dysthymia
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Significant depression that comes and goes w/ the seasons; a winter depression is the most common form that seems to be triggered by light deficiency.
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
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Mood disorder in which manic episodes alternate w/ periods of depression, usually w/ relatively normal periods in between.
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Bipolar disorder/manic depression
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Extreme highs, excessive euphoria, wild optimism, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, boundless energy
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Manic Episode symptoms
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Bipolar disorder affects only about ___% of the population.
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1%
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Overwhelming sense of sadness, despair, and hopelessness, and they usually lose their ability to experience pleasure.
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Change in appetitie, weight or sleep patterns; loss of energy; difficulty in thinking/concentrating; reaction time/speech may be slowed; constnatly fidgeting, pacing
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Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
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Some suffer only 1 major depressive episode, but ___-___% will have a recurrence.
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50-60%
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Risk of recurrence of depression is greater for _______ and for those whose onset began before age ___ and for those with a family history of mood disorder.
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Females; age 20
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More tha 72% of those committing suicide are _____________.
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White males
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Together, white males and females account for more than ____% of all suicides.
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90%
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_____ are atleast 3 times more likely to attempt suicide.
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Females
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____are 4 times more likely to succeed at taking their own lives.
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Males
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Suicidal behavor tends to ___________________.
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Run in families
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______ Americans are at a far greater risk for suicide than young people are.
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Older Americans
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White males aged ___ and older have the highest recorded suicide rate.
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85
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Poor general health, serious illness, loneliness, and decline in social and economic status
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Conditions that may contribute to suicide in older Americans
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For teenagers and young adults between the ages of __ and __, suicide is now the ____ leading cause of death.
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15-24, 3rd
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For college students, suicide ranks ____.
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Second
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6-13% of _______ and 10.4% of _______ have attempted suicide.
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Adolescents; college students
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Up to 40% of those who attempt suicide will try again, and ___-____% will eventually succeed.
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5-15%
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Increases in alcohol and drug abuse, psychiatric disorders, antisocial behavior, and disturbed home lives
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Contributions to suicide
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Suicide rate is highest for who?
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Those who have made perivious attempts.
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Most suicidal persons communicate what?
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Their intent
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90% of people planning to commit suicide leave what?
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Clues
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___________ is a common characteristic of suicidal individuals.
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Hopelessness
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A vague, general uneasiness or an ominous feeling that something bad is about to happen.
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Anxiety
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Most common psychological disorder.
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Anxiety
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Psychological disorder which can be associated with a real life stressor or nothing at all.
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Anxiety
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________ are 2 times more likely to suffer from Anxiety than ________.
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Women; Men
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-People plagued by chronic, excessive, worry for atleast 6 months
-worrying is unfounded or greatly exaggerated and difficult to control -may often feel tense, tired, irritable -difficult concentrating or sleeping -trembling, palpitations, sweating, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, frequent urination |
Symptoms of Anxiety
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A disorder characterized by recurrent unpredictable panic attacks that cause fear
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Panic disorder
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-Overwhealming anxiety, fear or terror
-Pounding heart, uncontrollable trembling or shaking -Sensations of choking or smothering |
Panic Attack symptoms
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When having ________ a person may think they are having a heart attack of dying.
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Panic Attack
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Potential causes of _____:
heredity, biological factors, excessive stress & catastrophic thinking |
Panic Attacks
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Persistent irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses no real danger
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Phobia
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People with ______ know the fear is irrational, but avoid these objects/situations of fear anyway.
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Phobias
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Intense fear of being in a situation in which immediate escape is not possible
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Agoraphobia
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______ are 4 times more likely to suffer from agoraphobia than ________.
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Women; men
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Usually accompanies a panic disorder
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Agoraphobia
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Intensely afraid of any social situation or social performance in which they might embarrass themselves in front of others.
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Social Phobia
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Shaking, blushing, sweating, appearing clumsy or awkward, foolish, or incompetent are symptoms of what phobia?
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Social Phobia
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Social phobia tends to develop when?
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Adolescence
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Form of anxiety disorder where a person suffers from recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Persistent, recurring involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness and cause a person great distress.
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Obsession
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Worring about contamination, locking the door, running over someone
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Examples of Obsessions
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A person feels compelled to repeat certain actions or rituals over and over.
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Compulsions
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Cleaning/washing behaviors, counting, checking, touching objects, hoarding, excessive organizing.
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Examples of Compulsions
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2-3% of the US population will suffer from what at some point in their lifetime.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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