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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are systemic sources?
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Thoroughly examined, carefully thought-out sources for research topics
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What is a theory?
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A formal statement of the relations among the variables in a given area of research
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What is a hypothesis?
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An attempt to organize data and specific relations among variables within a specific portion of a larger, more comprehensive theory
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What is research design?
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The general plan for conducting research and gathering data
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What are indicators of a good research idea?
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Testability and when your view of nature approximates reality as closely as possible
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What are nonsystematic sources?
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Sources for research ideas that present themselves in an unpredictable manner; a concerted attempt to locate researchable ideas has not been made
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What is serendipity?
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A situation in which one phenomenon is sought but something else is found
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What are the two main functions of a theory?
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To organize data and guide further research
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What are the main steps in conducting a search of psych literature?
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1. Selection of index terms
2. Computerized Search of the Literature (like psychINFO) 3. Obtaining Relevant Publications 4. Integrating the Results of the Literature Search |
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Who are participants at risk?
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Participants in an experiment that places them under some type of physical or emotional risk
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Who are participants at minimal risk?
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Participants in an experiment that does not place them under physical or emotional risk
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What is the debriefing session?
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The time at the conclusion of an experiment when its nature and purpose are explained to participants
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What is the Institutional Review Board?
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The university committee that is responsible for determining whether a proposed research project conforms to accepted ethical standards
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What is fabrication of data?
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Instances where the experimenter either deliberately alters or creates research data
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What is qualitative research?
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Research conducted in a natural setting that seeks to understand a complex human behavior by developing a complete narrative description of that behavior
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What is confirmability?
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The extent to which the qualitative research report is accurate, unbiased, and can be confirmed by others
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What is dependability?
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The extent to which the researcher believes that the same results would be produced if the study were replicated
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What is credibility?
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The accuracy of the identification and description of the subject of the study
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What is transferability?
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The extent to which the results of a qualitative research project can be generalized to other settings and groups
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what is naturalistic observation?
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Seeking answers to research questions by observing behavior in the real world
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What is ethnographic inquiry?
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Research in which the goal is to learn about a culture or some aspect of a culture from the perspective of the members of that culture
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What is participant observation?
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Research in which the researcher becomes part of the group being studied
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What is the focus group?
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Seven to ten participants with shared experiences or similar characteristics who meet for 1 to 1 and a half hours to discuss a topic of common interest
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What are case studies?
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Studies involving the intensive observation of a single participant over an extended period of time
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What is Grounded Theory?
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A qualitative research approach that attempts to develop theories of understanding based on data from the real world
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What is open coding?
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The process of describing data through means such as examination, comparison, conceptualization, and categorization
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What is axial coding?
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The process of rearranging data after open coding so that new relations are formed between concepts
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What is selective coding?
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The process of selecting the main phenomenon (core category) around which all the other phenomena (subsidiary categories) are grouped, arranging the groupings, studying the results, and rearranging where necessary
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What is Process?
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The manner in which actions and interactions occur in a sequence or series
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What is Transactional system?
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An analysis of how actions and interactions relate to their conditions and consequences
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What is a conditional matrix?
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A diagram that helps the researcher consider the conditions and consequences related to the phenomenon under study
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What are descriptive research methods?
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Research methods that do not involve the manipulation of an independent variable
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What is reactance or the reactivity effect?
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The finding that participants respond differently when they know they are now being observed
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
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Another name for reactivity effect
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What is time sampling?
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Making observations at different time periods
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What is situation sampling?
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Observing the same behavior in different situations
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What is interobserver reliability?
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The extent to which observers agree
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What is ex post facto study?
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A study in which the variables to be studied are selected after they have occurred
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What is descriptive survey?
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Seeks to determine the percentage of the population that has a certain characteristic, holds a particular opinion, or engages in a particular behavior
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What is analytic survey?
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Seeks to determine the relevant variables and how they are related
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What is pilot testing?
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Preliminary, exploratory testing that is done prior to the complete research project
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What is demographic data?
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Information about participants' characteristics such as age, sex, income, and academic major
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What is validity?
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The extent to which a test or inventory measures what it is supposed to measure
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What is content validity?
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The extent to which test items actually represent the type of material they are supposed to represent
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What is interrater reliability?
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Degree of agreement among judges concerning the content validity of test or inventory items
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What is reliability?
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Extent to which a test or inventory is consistent in its evaluation of the same individuals
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what is test-retest procedure?
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Determination of reliability by repeatedly administering a test to the same participants
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What is split-half technique?
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Determination of reliability by dividing the test or inventory into 2 subtests and then comparing the scores made on the 2 halves
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What is Achievement test?
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Designed to evaluate individuals level of mastery or competence
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What is aptitude test?
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Designed to assess an individual potential ability or skill in a particular job
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What is a personality test or inventory?
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Measures a specific aspect of the individual's motivational state, interpersonal capability, or personality
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What is a population?
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The complete set of individuals or events
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What is sample?
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A group that is selected to represent the population
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What is stratified random sampling?
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Random samples are drawn from specific subpopulations or strata of the general population
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What is single-strata approach?
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Gathering data from a single stratum of the population of interest
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What is a longitudinal research project?
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Obtaining research data from the same group of participants over an extended period of time
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What is a cohort?
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A group of individuals born during the same time period
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What is empirical?
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Objectively quantifiable observations
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What is replication?
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An additional scientific study that is conducted in exactly the same manner as the original research project
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What is the control?
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To directly manipulate 1. a factor of interest in a research study to determine its effects or 2. Other, unwanted variables that could influence the results of the research project
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What is independent variable?
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A stimulus or aspect of the environment that the experimenter directly manipulates t determine its influences on behavior
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What is Dependent variable?
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A response behavior that the experimenter measures. Changes in the DV should be caused by manipulation of the IV.
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What are extraneous variables?
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Undesired variables that may operate to influence the dependent variable (DV) and thus invalidate an experiment
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What is a synthetic statement?
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A statement that can be either true or false
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what are analytic statements?
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Statements that are always true
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What is a contradictory statement?
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Statements that are always false.
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what is General implication form
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Statement of the research hypothesis in an "If...then" form
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What are Principles of falsifability?
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Results not in accord with the research hypothesis are taken as evidence that this hypothesis is false
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What is inductive logic?
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Reasoning that proceeds from specific cases to general conclusions or theories
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what is deductive logic?
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Reasoning that proceeds from general theories to specific cases
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What is directional research hypothesis?
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Prediction of the specific outcome of an experiment
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What is nondirectional research hypothesis?
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a specific prediction concerning the outcome of an experiment is not yet made
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