Psychology 3-5

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Who is Charles Darwin and what is he famous for?

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1809-1882
Wrote "The Origin of Species" and invented the theory of Natural Selection

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What did Peter and Rosemary Grant discover?

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Natural selection can have noticeable effects over short periods

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Genotype

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Genetic structure inherited from parents

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Phenotype

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Observable behavior not genetically inherited

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Hereditary

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transmission of biological traits from parents to children

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Genetics

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Study of physical and psychological traits biologically passed

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Gregor Mendel

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1822- 1884
invented the term we know today as "genes"

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DNA

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At the center of every nucleus
organized into tiny units called genes

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Heritability

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either genetic or environmental traits
measured on a scale of 0-1

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Sensory Neurons

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Carry messages from sense receptor cells TOWARD central nervous system

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Motor Neurons

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Carry messages AWAY from central nervous system toward muscles and glands

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Inter neurons

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Relay messages from sensory neurons to other inter neurons or motor neurons

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4 functions of Glia cells

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1. Holds neurons in place
2. House keeping (cleans up damaged or dead neurons)
3. installation (known as Myelin Sheath)
4. Prevention of toxic substances in the blood reaching the brain

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Paul Broca

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Discovered Broca's area

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Broca's area

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Left Hemisphere where language and communication is processed

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

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1. includes neurons in brain & spinal cord
2. coordinates bodily functions, processes messages & sends out commands

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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1. neurons forming nerve fibers that connect CNS to the body
2. Provides CNS with information from sensory receptors
3. Splits into somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

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Somatic Nervous System

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1. Split from PNS
2. Regulates actions of the skeletal muscles

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Autonomic Nervous System

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1. Split from PNS
2. Sustains basic life processes (body functions not consciously controlled)
3. Contains two divisions, Sympathetic division and Parasympathetic division

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Sympathetic Division

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1. Division of Autonomic Nervous System
2. Governs responses to emergency situations; triggers "fight or flight" response

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Parasympathetic Division

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1. Division of Autonomic Nervous System
2. Monitors routine operations of the body's internal functions (i.e. house keeping chores)

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Brain Stem

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Regulates the internal state of the body

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Medulla

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1. Very top of the spinal cord
2. Center for breathing, blood pressure & heart beat

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Pons

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1. Directly above medulla
2. Bridge from brain stem to cerebellum

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Reticular formation

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alerts cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals

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Thalamus

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Channels incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex

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Cerebellum

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Controls motor coordination, posture, balance and ability to learn to control body movements

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Limbic System

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Meditates motivated behaviors, emotional states and memory processes

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Hippocampus

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Accusation of memory

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Amygdala

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Emotional Control

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Hypothalamus

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regulates motivated behavior

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Homeostasis

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Equalibrum of the body

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Cerebrum

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Regulates higher cognitive and emotional functions
2 spheres
"little brain"

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Cerebral cortex

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outer surface of the cerebrum

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Corpus Callosum

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Connects the two hemispheres

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Frontal Lobe

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Motor Control
Cognitive activities
Brocas area

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Pariental Lobe

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Responsible for sensations

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Occupational Lobe

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Final destination for vision

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Temporal Lobe

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hearing
Wernicke's area

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Motor Cortex

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controls the action of the body's voluntary muscles

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Somatosensory Cortex

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Processes sensory input

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Auditory Cortex

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Auditory information
Temporal Lobes

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Visual Cortex

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Visual information is processed
Occupational Lobe

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Association Cortex

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Where high level brain processes occur

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Perception

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apprehending objects & events in the environment

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Perceptual Organization

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The processes that put sensory information together to give the perception of coherent scene over the whole visual field.

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Identification & Recognition

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assign meaning to percepts

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Retinal Image

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Two dementional

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Distal Stimulus

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A physical object in the world being processed as the optical image on the retina

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Proximal Stimulus

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The optical image on the retina

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Absolute threshold

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Minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a sensory experience

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Psychometric Function1

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1.Graphs the percentage of detections of a stimulus to stimulus intensity
2. Usually a curve shape

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Sensory Adaption

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Diminishing responsiveness of sensory systems to prolonged stimulus input

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Sensory Receptors

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Convert the physical form of the sensory signals that can be processed by the nervous system

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Pupil

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1. Opening in the iris

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Iris

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Makes the pupil dilate to the amount of light

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Lens

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Makes light passed through the Iris is focused by bending and flattening

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Accommodation

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The process by which the ciliary muscles change the thickness of the lens to permit variable focusing on near or far objects

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Retina

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1. Layer at the back of the eye
2. Contains photoreceptors & converts light into neutral energy

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Photoreceptor

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1. Receptor cell in the retina
2. Sensitive to light

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Rods

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1. Photoreceptor in retina
2. Does not produce color & is used for sight in dim lighting/ darkness

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Cones

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1. Photoreceptor in retina/ Fovea
2. Allows for viewing of color

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Fovea

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1. Forms the point of sharpest vision
2. Only made up of cones

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Bipolar Cell

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Nerve cell that combine impulses from many receptors and send resolts to ganglion cells

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Ganglion Cell

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Integrates impuleses from bipolar cells into a single firing rate

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Horizon Cells

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1.Integrates information across the retina
2. Connent receptors to one an other

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Amacrine Cell

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1.Cells that intograte information accross the retina
2.Link Bipolar Cells to other Bipolar Cells and Ganglion Cells to other Ganglion Cells

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Blind Spot

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1. Region of the retina that the optic nerve leaves blank
2. The brain (and receptors) "fill in" the blank

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Optic Tracks

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Deliver information in two clusters of cells to the brain.
1. pattern recognition
2. place recognition

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Receptive Field

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the area in the visual field from which a cell recives information

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Optic nerve

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Axons of ganglion cells that carry information to the eye toward the brain

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Color

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Created when the brain processes information incoded in the light source

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3 ways to experience color

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1. Hue
2. Satuation
3. Brightness

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Trichromatic Theory

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the theory that there are thee types of color receptors that produce the pimary color sensations of red, green, and blue

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Opponent- Process Theory

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1. Ewald Hering
2.Theory that all color experiences arise in three systems which includes two "opponent" elements.
1. Red/Green
2. Blue/Yellow
3. Black/White

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Vibrations

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Create sound waves

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Pitch

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Highness/Lowness of a sound, determined by frequency

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Loudness

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determined by amplitude

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Timbre

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Sets apart different sounds

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Step 1 in Hearing

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Airborne sound waves get processed into fluid waves within the cochlea

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Step 2 in Hearing

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fluid waves stimulate mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane

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Step 3 in Hearing

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vibrations are converted into electrical impulses

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Step 4 in Hearing

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impulses travel to the auditory cortex

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Cochlea

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1. Fluid filled coiled tube in the ear
2. Processes fluid waves

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Place Theory

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perception of pitch depends on the specific location on the basilar membrane at which the greatest stimulation occurs

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Frequency Theory

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Tone produces a rate of vibration in the basilar membrane equal to its frequency, with the result that pitch can be coded by the frequency of the neural response

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Sound Shadow

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Your head casting a shadow that weakens he signal strength of a sound

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Olfaction

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Smell

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Olfactory bulb

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produces smell by stimulating an influx of chemical substances into into channels of olfactory neurons

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Taste/Smell

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Work together

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Pheromones

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Chemical substances used within species to signal sexual receptivity, danger, territorial boundaries and food sources

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Gustation

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Taste

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Papillae

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Taste receptors on the tongue

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Cutaneous Senses

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1. Skin senses
2. Pressure, Warmth, Cold

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Vestibular Sense

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How the body is oriented in respect to gravity

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Saccule and Utricle

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1. Part of vestibular sense
2. Acceleration and deceleration in a straight line

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Semicircular Canals

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1. Part of vestibular sense
2. Tell about motion in any direction

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Kinestetic Sense

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Provides constant feedback about what the body is doing during motor activities

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Gate-Control Thorey

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1. About pain modulation
2. Proposes that certain cells in the spinal cord act as gates to interrupt and black some pain signals while sending others to the brain

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What you perceive

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may be different from what you sense

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Law of Proximity

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People group together nearest elements

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Law of Similarity

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People group together similar elements

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Law of Good Continuation

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People experience lines as continuous when they are interrupted

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Law of Closure

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People tend to fill in small gaps to experience objects as wholes

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Law of Common Fate

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People tend to group together objects moving in the same direction

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Phi Phenomenon

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Simplest form of apparent motion, movement of illusion in which one or more sensory lights going on and off in succession are perceived as a single moving light

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Binocular Depth Cues

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Two eyes together providing information about depth

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Retinal disparity

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displacement between the horizontal positions of corresponding images in two eyes

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Convergence

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The degree eyes turn inward to fixate on an object

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Monocular Depth Cue

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Uses information about depth from only one eye

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Perceptual Consistancy

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Ability to retain an unchanging perception of an object despite variations in the retinal image

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Size Consistancy

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refers to the ability to perceive true size of an object despite variations in size of its retinal image

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Lightness constancy

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tendency to perceive whiteness, grayness or blackness of objects as constant across changing levels of illumination

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Consciousness

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A sate of awareness of internal events and external environment

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Pre-conscious Memory

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Memory that is not currently conscious but can easily be recalled into consciousness when necessary

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Nonconscious

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Not typically available to consciousness or memory

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REM

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1. Rapid Eye Movements
2. Dream state when asleep

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NREM

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1. Non-REM
2. Sleeper does not show rapid eye movements
3. Probably not dreaming or in a deep sleep

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Insomnia

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Conic failure to get adequate sleep

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Narcolepsy

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sudden irresistible compulsion to sleep during the day

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Sleep Apnea

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Causes a person to stop breathing while asleep

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Somnambulism

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Sleep walking

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Nightmare

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frightening dream that wakes up the sleeper

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The blastocyst enters the uterus ____ days after fertilization

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4-5 days

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The morula exits the fallopian tube on the 18th or 19th day and enters the uterine cavity. ...By the 20th or 21st day the blastocyst begins to implant into the decidualized endometrium...

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Wish-Fulfillment

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Freud suggested that all dreams are expressions of wishes and desires (Mainly sexual)

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Latent Content

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Hidden meaning of a dream

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Manifest Content

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Surface content of a dream aimed to mask the real meaning of the dream

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Dream Work

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Process to change manifest content into latent content

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Lucid Dreaming

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A person controlling their dreams and dream state