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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Episodic Memory
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-Memory for personal experience. eg What you did last night.
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Procedural Memory
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-Memory for learned skills. eg How to write
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Semantic Memory
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-Generalized formal knowledge of the world. What things mean and how they are related to each other.
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Implicit Memory
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-Things that you don't deliberately store as memory. Second nature (procedural memory)
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Explicit Memory
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-Things deliberately stored/committed to memory. (semantic memory)
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Encoding (Memory Process)
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-First step in memory process. Encode by any sense (acoustic, visual, semantic)
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Storage (Memory Process)
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-Rehearsal, practice (maintaining information over time; short term)
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Retrieval (Memory Process)
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-Accessing stored memory (having access to that information; by recall, by recognition)
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Sensory Memory
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-Auditory, visual, somatosensory, gustatory, and olfactory (iconic-visual & echoic-auditory)
-lasts .5 seconds |
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Attention
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-Focus on a narrow range of events or stimuli.
Attention moves information from sensory memory to short term memory. |
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Short term memory
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-Solving problems from moment to moment
-lasts 20 seconds -stored by rehearsal. -immediate memory span 7 +- 2 bits of info |
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Long term memory
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-Conceptual hierarchy, semantic network.
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Motivated forgetting
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-Repression of distressful thoughts. Buried in unconscious.
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Mood or state dependent memory
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-Recreate the mood that you were in when the event took place.
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Forgetting
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-Deficiency in encoding, storage and retrieval.
-ineffective encoding (lack of attention) -info wasn't in memory to begin with (pseudo-forgetting) |
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Retrieval Failure
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-Mismatch of retrieval cues & encoding used to store information. If encoding had been semantic, use semantic retrieval cue.
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Encoding Specificity Principle
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-Usefulness of retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds with memory code.
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Serial-position effect
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-You remember first and last part of list better than the intermediate part.
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3 ways of measuring retention
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-Recall (classic remembering), recognition (multiple choice), and relearning (how much time does it take to learn previously learned material?)
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Decay theory
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-Memory traces fade with time
-true for sensory and short term memory. |
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Interference
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-Subjects who stay awake retain less than those who din't because of interfering information.
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Retroactive Interference
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-Difficulty retaining old material because of what you are presently learning.
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Proactive Interference
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-Difficult to retain new material because of what you already know.
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Retrograde amnesia
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-An inability to remember past events, remote or recent.
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Anterograde amnesia
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-Inability to form new memories (just after trauma)
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Confabulation
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-Recall or retelling in a way that did not happen (fill in the gaps)
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Psychological test
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-A standardized measure of a sample of your behavior.
-Measures (mental) abilities, aptitudes, interests, and aspects of personality. -Used to measure individual differences. -Not precise measuring devices. |
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Mental ability
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-Intelligence tests, aptitude tests, and achievement tests.
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Intelligence Tests
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-Access general intellectual potential.
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Aptitude Tests
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-Access specific types of mental abilities (verbal reasoning, numerical ability, formal reasoning, perceptual speed & accuracy, language skills)
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Achievement Tests
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-Access specific mastery of knowledge (math, history, etc)
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Validity
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-It (test) should adequately cover the subject matter.
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Content Validity
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-Test should adequately cover the subject matter.
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Predictive Validity
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-Test claims to predict performance in college, on the job, etc.
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Hypothetical Constructs
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-Abstract concepts such as intelligence.
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Standardization
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-Uniform procedures in administration and scoring of a test.
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Test norm
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-Normative sample: where does a score on a psychological test rank in relation to other scores on that test.
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Social Intelligence
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-Social conscience..
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Mental Retardation
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-General mental ability is below average (<70) accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills.
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Giftedness
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-2 standard deviations above average.
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Intelligence
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-Heredity and/or environment.
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Heritability estimates
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-How much of intelligence is inherited? Some say 80%
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Concordance
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-If both of twins share a behavior eg has her mother's smile etc.
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Bias
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Intelligence tests may be culturally biased.
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Semantic Network
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-Relating new information to previous knowledge. Method of remembering.
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