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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gender
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The psychological & sociocultural dimensions of being male or female
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Sex
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Designates the biological aspects of being male or female
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Gender Role
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Set of expectations that prescribe how males or females should think, act, or feel
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Gender Typing
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Process by which children acquire thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are considered appropriate for their gender in their culture
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Estrogens
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Class of sex hormones- important one is estradiol- that primarily influence development of female sexual characteristics and help regulate menstrual cycle
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Androgens
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Class of sex hormones- important one is testosterone- that primarily promote development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics
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Social Role Theory
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Eagly's theory that psychological gender differences are caused by the contrasting social roles of men and women
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Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender
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Stems from Freud's view that preschool children develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and renounce later
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Social Cognitive Theory of Gender
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Idea that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior as well as through regards and punishment children experience for behaviors of gender
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Cognitive Developmental Theory of Gender
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Theory that children's gender typing occurs after they think of themselves as boys and girls.
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Gender Schema Theory
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Theory that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender appropriate and not for cultures.
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Gender Stereotypes
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Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males
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Androgyny
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Presence of high degree of feminine and masculine characteristics in same individual
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Gender Role Transcendence
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The view that people should be evaluated as persons, not in terms of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny.
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Gender Intensification Hypothesis
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The view that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of increased socialization pressures
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Rapport Talk
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Lang. of conversation; preferred by women
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Report Talk
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Lang. designed to give information, including public speaking; preferred by men
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Parental Imperative
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Gutmann's view that moms and dads adopt diff. gender roles so that they can raise children more effectively
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Sexual Scripts
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Stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually
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Traditional Religious Scripts
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Sex is accepted only w/in marriage
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Romantic Script
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Sex is synonymous w/ love
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Bisexual
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Being sexually attracted to people of both sexes
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AIDS
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STI caused by HPV
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STI
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Diseases contracted primarily through sexual contact
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Climacteric
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Midlife transition which fertility declines
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Menopause
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Complete cessation of women's menstrual cycle- late 40s to early 50s
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Perimenopause
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Transitional period from normal menstrual cycle to menopause; takes about 10 years
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Moral Development
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Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
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Heteronomous Morality (Piaget)
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1st stage of moral development- occurring @ 4-7 yrs.
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Autonomous Morality (Piaget)
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2nd stage of moral development- at about 10 yrs.
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Immanent Justice
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Piaget's concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.
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Preconventional Reasoning
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Lowest lvl. of Kohlberg's theory of moral development- controlled by external rewards and punishment
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Heteronomous Morality (Kohlberg)
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1st stage of preconventional reasoning- moral thinking tied to punishment
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Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange (Kohlberg)
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2nd stage of preconventional reasoning- pursue own interests
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Conventional Reasoning (Kohlberg)
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2nd or intermediate lvl. in Kohlberg's theory
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Mutual Interpersonal Expectation, Relationships and Interpersonal Conformity (Kohlberg)
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3rd stage of moral development- balue trust, caring and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgement
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Social Systems Morality (Kohlberg)
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4th stage of moral development- moral judgments based on understanding social order, law, justice, and duty
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Postconventional Reasoning (Kohlberg)
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Highest lvl. in Kohlberg's theory of moral development
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Social Contract or Utility and Indiviual Rights (Kohlberg)
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5th stage- reason that values, rights, and principles undergrid or transcend the law
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Universal Ethical Principles (Kohlberg)
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6th and final stage- universal human rights
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Justice Perspective
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Moral perspective that focuses on rights of individual
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Care Perspective
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Views people in terms of their connectedness w/ others
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Social Conventional Reasoning
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Thoughts about social consensus and convention, as opposed to moral reasoning that stresses ethical issues
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Social Cognitive Theory of Morality
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Theory that distinguishes between moral competence and moral performance
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Ego Ideal
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Component of superego that rewards child by conveying sense of pride and personal value
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Conscience
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Component of superego that punishes child for behaviors disapproved of
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Character Education
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Direct moral education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior
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Values Clarification
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Helping people clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for
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Cognitive Moral Education
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Education based on belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as moral reasoning develops
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Service Learning
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Form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to community
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Altruism
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Unselfish interest in helping another person
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Conduct Disorder
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Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations
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Juvenile Delinquency
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Refers to a great variety of behaviors, ranging from unacceptable behavior to status offenses to criminal acts
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Spirituality
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Involves a sense of connectedness to a sacred other
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Values
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Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be
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Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult
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1st stage in family life cycle that involves launching
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Launching
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Process by which youth move into adulthood and exit their family of origin
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New Couple
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2nd stage in family life cycle that involves marriage; not just 2 individuals but also 2 families
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Becoming Parents and a Family w/ Children
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3rd stage in family life cycle in which adults move up in generations and become caregivers
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Family w/ Adolescents
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4th stage in family life cycle in which adolescents push for autonomy and an identity
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Family @ midlife
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5th stage in family life cycle - time for launching children, and linking generations
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Family in Later Life
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6th and final stage in family life cycle- involving adaptation to retirement and grandparenting
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Reciprocal Socialization
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Socialization that is bidirectional in that children socialize parents and vice versa
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Authoritarian Parenting
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Restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort; Firm limits are placed on the child and little verbal exchange is allowed
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Authoritative Parenting
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Style that encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on children;s actions; extensive verbal give and take is allowed and parents are warm and nurturant
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Neglectful Parenting
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Style in which the parent is very uninvolved in child's life
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Indulgent Parenting
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Style in which parents are very involved w/ their children but place few demands or controls on them
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Child Maltreatment
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Term increasingly used by developmentalists that refers to abuse & neglect; diverse conditions
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Physical Abuse
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Characterized by infliction of physical injury as result of punching, beating, kicking, etc. otherwise harming child
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Child Neglect
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Failure to provide for child's basic needs including physical, emotional, or educational
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Sexual Abuse
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Fondling child's genitals, intercourse, incest, etc. through prostitution or production of pornographic materials
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Emotional Abuse
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Acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems
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Peers
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In dividuals about the same age or maturity level
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Popular Children
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Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
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Average Children
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Children who receive an avg. number of both + and - nominations from their peers
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Neglected Children
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Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by peers
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Rejected Children
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Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
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Controversial Children
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Children who are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked
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Cliques
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Sm. groups that range from 2 to 12 individuals and average about 5 to 6 individuals
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Crowds
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Peer groups that are larger and less personal than cliques
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Intimacy in Friendship
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Self-disclosure or the sharing of private thoughts
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Play
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Pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake
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Play Therapy
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Therapy that lets children work off frustrations while therapists analyze their conflicts and coping methods
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Unoccupied Play
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Play in which the child is not engaging in play as it is commonly understood and might stand on one spot or perform random movements that do not seem to have a goal
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Solitary Play
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Play in which the child plays alone, independently of others
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Onlooker Play
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Play in which the child watches other children play
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Parallel Play
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Play in which the child plays separately from others, but w/ toys like those the others are using or in a manner that mimics their play
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Associative Play
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Play that involves social interaction with little or no organization
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Cooperative Play
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Play that involves social interaction in a group w/ a sense of group identity and organized activity
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Constructive Play
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Combines sensorimotor/ practice play w/ symbolic representation
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Sensorimotor Play
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Behavior by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes
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Practice Play
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Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when mastery and coordination of skills are req. for games or sports
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Pretense/ Symbolic Play
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Play that occurs when a child transformers the physical environment into a symbol
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Social Play
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Play that involves social interactions with peers
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Games
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Activities that are engaged in for pleasure and include rules
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Leisure
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Pleasant times when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing
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Disengagement Theory
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Theory that to cope effectively, older adults should gradually withdraw from society
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Activity Theory
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Theory that the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied w/ their lives
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Social Breakdown-Reconstruction Theory
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Theory that aging is promoted through - psychological functioning brought about by - views of older adults and inadequate services for them
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Ageism
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Prejudice against other people b/c of their age
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