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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What species have a concept of self?
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humans, chimps, orangutans and dolphins
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At what age does self-recognition occur in humans?
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2
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What defines a species as having a concept of self?
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Its ability to recognize itself
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As people mature, what happens to their concept of self?
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The physical concepts reduce, such as hair and eye color, and they are replaced with psychological states, such as thoughts and feelings
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Define: Self-Concept
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An organized collection of beliefs about who you are. Your self-concept influences what information you look for and how you process it.
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Define: Schemas
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Mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about themselves and influence what they notice, think about and remember about themselves
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What three 'possible selfs' do we carry around all the time?
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- the Actual self
- the Ideal self - the Ought self |
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What shapes the Self-Concept?
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(1) SOCIAL COMPARISONS
We use others as a means of judging our own abilities (2) FEEDBACK (3) SOCIAL CONTEXT (4) CULTURAL VALUES Individualism vs. collectivism |
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Define: Upward social comparison
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Comparing ourselves to someone who is better off than we are in a certain dimension
- this can help us strive to do better |
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Define: Downward social comparison
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Comparing ourselves to someone who is worse off then we are in certain dimension
- this can help us to feel better about ourselves |
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In Western culture, what defines the self-concept?
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Independent view of the self
- defines oneself in terms of one's own feelings, thoughts & actions - see's oneself as separate from others - values independence and uniqueness |
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In nonWestern cultues, what defines the self-concept?
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Interdependent view of the self
- defines one by relationships to others - thinks one's behavior is determined by the actions, feelings and thoughts of others - value connectedness and interdependence between people - independence is frowned on |
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Define: Self Esteem
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The overall assessment of your worth as a person
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Where does Self Esteem come from?
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- personal experience
- relationships - appraisals by others - comparisons - parenting style |
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What are the two kinds of Cognitive Processes?
(Cognitive: the process of thought) |
(1) Automatic processes
- occur outside of conscious awareness (2) Controlled processes - are deliberate, intentional and effortful |
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What are some characteristics of Automatic processing?
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- people size up situations very quickly
- based on past experience - often quick corrections are correct (not always) |
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What are Self-Attributes?
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We want to know WHY we act the way we do
- helps us to understand and predict our social world |
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There are TWO types of Self-Attributes, what are they?
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(1) INTERNAL (dispositional)
(2) EXTERNAL (situational) |
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STABILITY in terms of Self-attributes:
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(1) Internal
(a) Stable = you are smart (b) Unstable = you studied hard (2) External (a) Stable = the course was easy (b) Unstable = the test was easy |
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CONTROLLABILITY in terms of Self-attributes:
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(1) Internal
(a) Uncontrollable = you are really smart (b) Controllable = you studied hard (2) External (a) Uncontrollable = the course was easy (b) Controllable = the test was easy |
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What are the 4 characteristics of MOTIVE GUIDING SELF-UNDERSTANDING?
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(1) Self-assessment
(2) Self-verification (3) Self-improvement (4) Self-enhancement |
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What "motive guiding self-understanding" is the strongest?
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Self-enhancement
- The attempt by people to get others to see them in a positive light |
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What are some Self-Enhancement strategies?
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- downward social comparison
- self-serving bias - basking in reflected glory - self-handicapping |
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Define: Self-serving bias
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The tendency to attribute our success to INTERNAL causes, and our failures to EXTERNAL causes
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Define: Basking in Reflected Glory
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The tendency to enhance our own imagine by associating ourselves with others who are successful
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Define: Cutting out reflected failure
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The tendency to dissociate ourselves with others who fail
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Define: Self-handicaping
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Arranging an external attribute for a possible poor performance
-if you fail, its because of some outside handicap ** MEN ARE more likely to use this then women |
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Define: Self-regulation
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Directing and controlling one's behavior.. a big part of regulation is self control.
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What is the Self-regulatory model?
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Self control is a limited resource, like a muscle, it gets tired with frequent but then rebounds in strength
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Define: Self-defeating Behavior
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- deliberate self-destruction
- trade offs (harmful behavior, but think the outcome is worth it) - counterproductive strategies (unrealistic goals) |
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Define: Self-Presentation
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The attempt by people to control their "public self" so that others see them as they want to be seen
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What are strategies of Self-Presentation (controlling how other people see you)
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- Ingratiation
- Self-promotion - Exemplification - Negative Acknowledgement - Intimidation - Supplication |
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What is Ingratiation?
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Behavior designed to make someone like you
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What is Self-promotion?
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Behavior designed to make someone respect you
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What is Exemplification?
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Behavior designed to receive credit for integrity or character
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What is Negative Acknowledgement?
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Admitting something negative to appear honest
(people like people with flaws) |
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What is Intimidation?
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Behavior designed to make others fear you
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What is Supplication
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Behavior designed to make others feel obligated to help you because you appear helpless (a last resort usually)
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