Psychology

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Medical model: l

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the concept that diseases, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital

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Bio psychosocial model:

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the approach that includes biological, physiological and social culture levels of analysis

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DSM-IV-TR:

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The American Psychiatric association diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, with and updated “text revision” a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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Pros and cons of ‘labeling’/diagnosing:

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Many people going to the hospital complaining about hearing voices, by diagnosing people with certain disorders they are automatically placed to be treated for that disorder and the doctor will dig until he finds the reason for the disorder.

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Anxiety disorders:

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characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduces anxiety

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Panic disorder:

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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minute-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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Phobias:

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

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D.I.D.:

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dissociative identity disorder: person has many distinct identities; each perceives or interacts with the environment.

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Personality disorders:

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characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impairs social functioning

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Antisocial:

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a personality disorder which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong doing, even towards friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

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Mood disorders:

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characterized by emotional extremes

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Major depressive disorder:

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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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Mood disorders:

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characterized by emotional extremes

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Bipolar disorder:

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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy depression and overexcited state of mania.

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Depression neurotransmitter: norepinephrine:

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: increases arousal and boosts mood, is scarce during depression and mania.

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Depression neurotransmitter:

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Seratonin

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4 Cognitive triads of depression:

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1) stressful experience 2) negative explanatory style 3) depressed mood 4) cognitive and behavioral changes.

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Schizophrenia:

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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

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Delusions:

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false beliefs often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany psychotic disorders

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Hallucinations:

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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of external visual stimuli

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Sub type of scytzo: paranoid

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preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations

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Subtype of scytzo:Disorganized

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2) Disorganized: disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

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Subtype of scytzo: cationic

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Cationic: immobility or excessive movement, extreme negativism, parrot like repeating of another’s speech or movements

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subtype of scitzo: Undifferentiated

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Undifferentiated: many or varied symptoms

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Subtype of scitzo: withdrawal

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Withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared

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Psychotherapy

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treatment involving psychological techniques consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

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Psychoanalysis:

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Psychoanalysis: Freud’s theory of personality and therapeutic techniques that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences- and the therapists interpretations of them, released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

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Psychodynamic therapy:

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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

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Client-centered therapies:

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth.

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Behavior therapy:

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

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Counterconditioning:

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a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors.

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Exposure therapy:

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic sensitization that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.

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Systematic desensitization:

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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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Aversive conditioning:

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Aversive conditioning: counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (nausea) with unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)

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Token economy:

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for various privileges or treats.

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Cognitive therapies:

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teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and action; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

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Cognitive-behavior therapy:

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a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

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Meta-analysis and psychotherapy:

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a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

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Psychopharmacology:

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the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior

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ECT:

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electroconvulsive therapy: a biomedical therapy for severely depressed people in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

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Psychosurgery:

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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Lobotomy:

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used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal loves to the emotional-controlling centers of the inner brain.

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SSRI

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Selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor, treats depression

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Cognitive Triad

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Negetive views of 1) Self, 2) World, and 3) Future (depression)

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Disorganized schitzophrenia

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dosorganized behavior and speech, words that together have no meaning

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Catatonic Shcitz

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Pervasive motivational defisits, just staring at the floor

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Residual Schitz

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No longer catagorized as having delisions or hallucinations, symptoms mostly remitted

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Mowrer's two factor theory

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1) classical conditioning (established), 2) maintained through operant conditioning (negetive reinforcement)

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EMDR

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Started as alternative therapy, eye movement desinitizations

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ECT

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Elecro convulsive therapy, good last resort treatment,

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Trephening

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Wack a hole in a persons skull and pull out the bone to get the evil spirit out back in the day

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Disatvantage of disorder diagnosis

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Self-fulfilling, impacts interaction with patient (learning disabled vs gifted kids example)

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Benefits of classification of disorders

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communication through care providers, understanding of conditions (doesn’t delay understanding), facilitate treatment

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

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Moderate level of anxiety is associated with optimal performance, vs low or high

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Boderline Personality

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Extreme instability (relationship, affective (changes in emotion))