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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of Learning?
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Any relatively permanent change in behavior behavior brought about by experience or practice.
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*What is Maturation?
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Genetic blue print
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What is Classical Conditioning?
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The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus
-learning involuntary responses -evoked by a stimulus -learning by association |
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What is Operant conditioning?
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A process of behavior modification in which a subject is encouraged to behave in a desired manner through positive or negative reinforcement, so that the subject comes to associate the pleasure or displeasure of the reinforcement with the behavior.
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What is Cognitive Learning Theory?
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a learning theory of psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes.
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What is Observational Learning?
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learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. Albert Bandura
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What are the components of Classical Conditioning?
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Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Conditioned Response (CR) Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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What are the Principles of Classical Conditioning?
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-Extinction
-Higher-order conditioning -CS plays role of UCS -Stimulus generalization -Tale of Little Albert |
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What is higher-order conditioning (also known as Second Order Conditioning)?
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A classical conditioning term that refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating) to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus.
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What is stimulus generalization?
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The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, it will exhibit fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus such as a white toy rat.
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Classical Conditioning in Real Life?
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- Conditioned Taste Aversion (biological preparedness)
- Learning to fear: Phobias - Accounting for taste: Acquired Taste Aversion |
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Operant Conditioning: Overview
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*VOLUNTARY
-Reinforcement- (a term used in operant conditioning to refer to anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur.) -Punishment- (a term used in operant conditioning to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in the future.) |
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-Punishment-
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a term used in operant conditioning to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in the future
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-Reinforcement-
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A term used in operant conditioning to refer to anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur.
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Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
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Primary and secondary reinforcers are a type of positive reinforcement, they involve the addition of a reward.
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What is positive reinforcement?
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Add something
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Negative reinforcement?
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subtract, avoid, remove, escape something
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Variations on Reinforcement
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-Shaping
-Extinction -Spontaneous Recovery |
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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- partial reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement |
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Partial reinforcement
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is when an individual is rewarded on some, but not all, trials. There are multiple variants of partial reinforcement (fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio) but the schedule that is most likely to have the slowest extinction rate is variable ratio, meaning that after a certain number of trials between two values, a reward will be given. A real life example of this is gambling.
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Continuous Reinforcement
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This is an operant conditioning principle in which an organism is reinforced every single time that organism provides the appropriate operant response. For example, you, as a researcher, might present a food pellet every time the rat presses the lever. One of the biggest dangers when using this type of reinforcement is saturation (the organism basically gets full - you keep feeding it and it no longer wants the reinforcement because it is stuffed), so the idea that giving reinforcement all the time is the best way to teach/learn is not necessarily true.
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Fixed ratio schedules
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A schedual of reinforcement involves offering reinforcement only after a specified number of responses.
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Variable ratio schedules
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A schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.
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What is Raito=
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The number of Reponses
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Fixed Interval Schedule
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A schedule of reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
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Variable Interval schedule
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A schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response.
-operant conditioning- |
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What is Interval=
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The passing of Time
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What is Punishment
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A consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior LESS likely in the future
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What are the two Types of Punishment
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- punishment by application ("positive punishment") +
- punishment by removal ("negative punishment") - |
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Drawbacks to Punishment
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-Doesn't teach what TO DO
-May teach avoidance of punishment, rather than doing the right thing -Negative emotions spill over to situation and person providing the punishment -Role models & observational learning, (aggressive punishments) -May teach lying |
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Biological limits on operant conditioning?
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Two good examples of biological influences on conditioning are taste aversion and instinctive drift.
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Role of instinctive drift?
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The tendency of an organism to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with the conditioned response
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Cognitive learning theory
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is a learning theory of psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes. The assumption is that humans are logical beings that make the choices that make the most sense to them.
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What are the components of the Cognitive Learning theory?
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-Latent learning
-Learned helplessness -insight learning |
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What is Latent learning?
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a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned
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Learned helplessness
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the condition of a human or animal that has learned to behave helplessly, failing to respond even though there are opportunities for it to help itself by avoiding unpleasant circumstances or by gaining positive rewards
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Insight learning
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Another noteworthy term that describes insight learning is "epiphany." Epiphanies involve a sudden revelation or abrupt awareness bringing seemingly chaotic data into symmetry.
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Observational Learning
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Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. Albert Bandura, who is best known for the classic Bobo doll experiment, identified this basic form of learning in 1986. Bandura stressed the importance of observational learning because it helps people, especially children, acquire new responses by observing others' behavior.
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The Bobo Doll Experiment
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Experiment was performed in 1961 by Albert Bandura, to try and add credence to his belief that all human behavior was learned, through social imitation and copying, rather than inherited through genetic factors
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*Elements of observational Learning
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(AMIM)
-Attention -Memory -Imitation -Motovation |
