Psychology

Front 1

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 1

the event or stimulus that brings about the response automatically

Front 2

Unconditioned response

Back 2

the response to an unconditioned stimulus

Front 3

Conditioned stimulus

Back 3

something that originally starts off as neutral. As it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus, it brings about the conditioned response

Front 4

conditioned response

Back 4

the response to the conditioned stimulus; usually similar to or exactly the same as the unconditioned response

Front 5

Extinction

Back 5

disappearance of a learned or conditioned response. Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented, but isn't followed with the unconditioned stimulus

Front 6

Spontaneous recovery

Back 6

Classical conditioning and extinction have occurred. Out of the blue, there is a reoccurance of the conditioned response

Front 7

Higher Order Conditioning

Back 7

a new neutral stimulus is paired with existing conditioned stimulus.

Front 8

Stimulus generalization

Back 8

will respond to something similar to conditioned stimulus after conditioning

Front 9

Stimulus discrimination

Back 9

will respond to conditioned stimulus, but not to things that are similar

Front 10

Taste aversion

Back 10

strongest form of learning. Ex: when you eat something and get sick, you don't want to eat it again. Difficult to mentally overcome

Front 11

Operant conditioning

Back 11

a response is more or less likely to occur in the future depending on consequences

Front 12

reinforcement

Back 12

making behavior more likely to occur

Front 13

positive vs. negative

Back 13

positive is something is given. Negative is something taken away.

Front 14

primary vs. secondary

Back 14

Primary: the first time you experience it, you know it is good or bad. Secondary: there has to be a learned association, takes several times to learn

Front 15

fixed ration schedule

Back 15

reinforced/punished after set number of times of behaving, misbehaving etc.

Front 16

Variable ration

Back 16

rewarded for behavior an average number of times.
Ex: slot machines

Front 17

fixed interval

Back 17

set amount of time has to go by before you are reinforced for behavior

Front 18

variable interval

Back 18

average amount of time goes by, you do the behavior, and get reinforced

Front 19

Shaping

Back 19

successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced
Ex: animal training
Things distant from the actual behavior are reinforced, shaping the behavior to what you want

Front 20

encoding stage

Back 20

getting info into the brain

Front 21

automatic processing

Back 21

little to no conscious effort is required for encoding

Front 22

effortful processing

Back 22

requires effort, attention, and repetition to get info encoded

Front 23

overlearning

Back 23

additional rehearsal to increase memory. It is more likely the info will stay in the brain

Front 24

Spacing effect

Back 24

the way in which we spread out our time as we learn info. Affective

Front 25

Mass practice

Back 25

learning alot of material all at once; cramming

Front 26

storage

Back 26

keeping info in the brain

Front 27

sensory memory

Back 27

senses hold info for a fraction of a second. What we remember depends on what we pay attention to

Front 28

Short term memory

Back 28

Only can keep 5-9 pieces of info for about 30 seconds. Can keep info in mind by actively rehearsing it, but if lose it if we stop thinking about it.

Front 29

Chunking

Back 29

group things into smaller, more meaningful chunks in order to increase short term memory

Front 30

Long term memory

Back 30

info stays there for a longer duration and is pretty much limitless

Front 31

explicit memory

Back 31

memory for who, what, when, where, and why. It is our factual memory

Front 32

Episodic memory

Back 32

Type of explicit memory for events that occur within in a particular context; easy to acquire and to lose

Front 33

Semantic memory

Back 33

Type of explicit memory for knowledge about the world. We don't remember where we learn these things

Front 34

implicit memory

Back 34

Also called non declarative. Your "how to do stuff" memory. Your body remembers for you and often it is difficult to explain
Part of the brain: cerebellum
takes longer to put in, but also takes longer to forget

Front 35

Recall vs. Recognition

Back 35

Recall is bringing info into awareness without external prompting Ex: short answer on a test
Recognition is some sort of identifying Ex: multiple choice

Front 36

serial position effect

Back 36

we learn things best that come at the beginning and the end

Front 37

primacy effect

Back 37

remembering things at the beginning do to long term memory

Front 38

recency effect

Back 38

remembering things at the end of a list thanks to short term memory

Front 39

flashbulb memory

Back 39

memories for emotionally significant events and are remembered more accurately than every day activities

Front 40

Von Restorf Effect

Back 40

When presented with a series of neutral stimuli with a highly emotional stimuli in the middle, people will remember the highly emotional stimuli best and the ones that came directly before and after the worst

Front 41

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

Back 41

People know they know something, but they can't quite pull it out. They can sometimes remember a characteristic and its usually resolved in about a minute

Front 42

proactive interference

Back 42

something you learned earlier interferes with trying to recall something you learned later

Front 43

retroactive interference

Back 43

something you learned recently interferes with retrieving info you learned previously

Front 44

anterograde amnesia

Back 44

can't form new memories, only can remember previous memories

Front 45

retrograde amnesia

Back 45

can't remember old memories, but can form new ones. Most common type

Front 46

deductive reasoning

Back 46

start with two facts, and you can make a natural conclusion from them

Front 47

inductive reasoning

Back 47

generalizing a concept and going beyond the presented concept

Front 48

Anchoring and Adjustment heuristic

Back 48

Given a number as a starting point, you get stuck there, and you adjust insufficiently from that point

Front 49

Availability heuristic

Back 49

we make a judgement on the ease of which something can be brought to mind

Front 50

Representative heuristic

Back 50

we classify something based on how similar it is to a typical case

Front 51

phenology

Back 51

language's sound system

Front 52

morphology

Back 52

language's rules for word formations