Psychology 18 19 20

Front 1

associative learning

Back 1

learning that two events occur together

Front 2

"classical conditioning"

Back 2

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associates stimuli. A neutral stimulus signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stiumulus. "pavlovian conditioning"

Front 3

"learning"

Back 3

a relatively permanent change to an organisms behavior due to experience

Front 4

behaviorism

Back 4

the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science, 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2.

Front 5

When was Ivan Pavlov born?

Back 5

1849

Front 6

Who was the best known human behaviorist?

Back 6

James Watson

Front 7

"unconditioned response"

Back 7

the naturally occurring response to stimulus--salivating when eating

Front 8

"unconditioned stimulus"

Back 8

stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Front 9

"conditioned response"

Back 9

response learned to a previously neutral stimulus--salivating to a bell

Front 10

"conditioned stimulus"

Back 10

the bell in pavlov's experiment

Front 11

"acquisition"

Back 11

initial learning of conditioned response

Front 12

Why doesn't it work for the unconditioned stimulus to appear before the conditioned stimulus?

Back 12

learning exists to prepare us for an event

Front 13

What was best time gap between UCS and CS for acquisition?

Back 13

1/2 second

Front 14

What experiment showed that classical conditioning could lead to greater reproductive success?

Back 14

male quail getting excited when red light is flashed before a female enters pen--more sperm and copulated sooner

Front 15

"extinction"

Back 15

the diminishing of a conditioned response--when a the ucs does not follow the cs

Front 16

"spontaneous recovery"

Back 16

the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response

Front 17

"generalization"

Back 17

response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Front 18

"discrimination"

Back 18

the ability to learn the difference between conditioned stimuli and stimuli that do not elicit a response

Front 19

What two things did Pavlov and Watson underestimate as behaviorists?

Back 19

1) the importance of cognitive processes and 2) biological constraints on learning

Front 20

"expectancy"

Back 20

how likely it is that an conditioned stimulus will occur given a particular unconditioned stimulus

Front 21

What experiment showed the importance of cognitive processes in rats in classical conditioning?

Back 21

If a tone always precedes a shock and a light sometimes precedes a shock, a rat will react more strongly to the tone.

Front 22

What were two major findings of Garcia and Koelling's study on rats?

Back 22

1) UCS and CS can be far apart in time, 2) rats developed aversions to taste CSs but not sights or sounds

Front 23

Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert.

Back 23

They conditioned a child to fear a white rat by making a loud noise whenever the animal was near. Fear was transferred to all furry things.

Front 24

"associative learning"

Back 24

learning that certain events occur together

Front 25

"operant conditioning"

Back 25

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer of diminished if followed by a punisher--associated with BF Skinner

Front 26

"respondent behavior"

Back 26

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus (classical conditioning)

Front 27

"operant behavior"

Back 27

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Front 28

"law of effect"

Back 28

rewarded behavior is likely to recur

Front 29

"operant chamber"

Back 29

skinner box, animal can press bar to get food reward

Front 30

"learning"

Back 30

relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience

Front 31

"shaping"

Back 31

an operant conditioning behavior in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer toward approximations of a desired goal.

Front 32

"reinforcer"

Back 32

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Front 33

"primary reinforcer"

Back 33

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Front 34

"conditioned reinforcer"

Back 34

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing [ower through its association with a primary reinforcer--also "secondary reinforcer"

Front 35

"partial (intermittent) reinforcement"

Back 35

reinforcing a response only part of the time--result in slower acquition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement

Front 36

"fixed-ratio schedule"

Back 36

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses