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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is developmental psychology?
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Study of change in behavior and abilities over time
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What is developmental psychology influenced by?
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-Heredity="nature" genes, readiness (minimum levels of maturation to learn skills
-Environment="nuture", sensitive period (increased sensitivity to environmental influences), deprivation (lack of normal nutrition or love), enrichment |
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What is prenatal development and what can cause defects?
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-Environmental affects on fetus
-Teratogens (poisons) -Illness of mother -Radiation/x-rays -Drugs/alcohol -Tabacco |
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What are the "temperament" categories of children?
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-Easy children=40%, relaxed/agreeable
-Difficult children=10%, moody/intense -Slow-to-warm-up=15%, restrained/shy -Remaining=do not fit into categories |
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What are 4 newborn reflexes?
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-Grasping=object in hand, baby will grasp
-Rooting=lightly touch infant's cheek and baby will turn head and attempt to nurse -Sucking=object around baby's mouth they will suck -Moro=hugging motion if baby's position is changed or loud noise |
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What happens in newborn emotional development?
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-Express excitement 1st
-Social smile=smile from social stimuli -Full range by age 2 |
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What is newborn social development?
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-Attachement=close bond infant has with caregivers
-Separation anxiety can occur |
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What are the 3 types of attachment quality?
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1.Secure=cry when mom leaves, fine during day, happy when she's back
2.Insecure-avoidant=angry when mom leaves, mad again when she is back 3.Insecure-ambivalent=all day "where's mom", but when she gets back not so sure about reunion |
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What are the 3 types of parenting styles?
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-Authoritarian=controlling, strict rules, children lack curiosity/are withdrawn
-Authoritative=has rules, but will discuss, love combined with firm guidance, children are resilient, good at coping, independent -Permissive=little guidance, lenient, children are dependent, immature, misbehave |
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What are typical maternal vs. paternal roles?
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-Maternal=nurturing, speak more, play conventional games, physical and emotional
-Paternal="playmate", more physical, "story teller" |
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What are ethnic differences in parenting styles?
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-African-American=education level lower, father may be absent, loyalty, tight-knit family
-Hispanic=Catholic, high value on family, affectionate, permissive, male-dominated -Asian/Arab=cognitive influence, authoritarian, rule-bound |
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How does language develop in children?
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-Cooing=repetition of vowel sounds
-Babbling=repetition of meaningless language sounds -Single-word stage -Telegraphic stage=two word sentences that communicate an idea |
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Who was Jean Piaget and what was his theory?
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-Believed children passed through different stages , but only studied his own children, underestimated children's abilities
1.Sensorimotor=mostly non-verbal 2.Preoperational=2-7 yrs, memories, intuition 3.Concrete operational=7-11 yrs, mastery of conservation 4.Formal operations=11 and up |
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What was Vygotsky's theory?
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-Cognitive development influenced by social and cultural factors
-Combines envorinment and development -Can only do certain learned things in environment they were learned in |
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What are "twixsters"?
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Twentysomething people living at home with parents, no children or career
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Zygote
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Fertilized egg formed by union of sperm and egg
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Gene
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Basic unit of genetic instruction
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Chromosomes
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Molecules of DNA that hold genetic info
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Identical twins
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One egg breaks apart earlier in development
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Fraternal twins
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Originate from two eggs
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Teratogens
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Environmental agents that can lead to birth defects
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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Mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy, severe effects on child
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Habituation
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Decrease in response to a stimuli once it becomes familiar
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Phonemes
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Smalles speech sound in language
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Holophrase
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A words that expresses a complete idea
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Overextension
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Application of a newly learned word to objects that are not included in the meaning of the word
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Underextension
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Failure to apply the new word to objects that are included within its meaning
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Schemes
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Frameworks for our knowledge about people, objects, and actions
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Assimilation
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Interpretations of new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
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Accommodation
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Modification of current schemas to allow for new experiences
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What was Piaget's stages of development?
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1.Sensorimotor=children uses senses and motor abilities to learn
2.Preoperational=children use thinking to understand world, but are still egocentric and lack some logical thinking 3.Concrete operational=gain cognitive operations for logical thinking, understand conversations, math, but cannot reason abstractly 4.Formal operation=further development until fully developed |
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Object permanence
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Knowing an object exists without having perceptual contact with it
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Centration
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The tendency to only focus on one aspect of a problem at a time
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Information-processing approach to cognitive development
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Assumes cognitive development is continuous and improves as children become better at processing
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Zone of proximal development
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Difference between what a child can actually do and what they could do with help (Vygotsky)
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Scaffolding
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teacher adjusts level of help in relation to child's level of performance
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What are the levels in Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning
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-Preconventional=avoid punishment, look out for yourself
-Conventional=moral reasoning based on social rules and laws -Postconventional=moral reasoning based on self-chosen ethics |