• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/37

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is developmental psychology?
Study of change in behavior and abilities over time
What is developmental psychology influenced by?
-Heredity="nature" genes, readiness (minimum levels of maturation to learn skills
-Environment="nuture", sensitive period (increased sensitivity to environmental influences), deprivation (lack of normal nutrition or love), enrichment
What is prenatal development and what can cause defects?
-Environmental affects on fetus
-Teratogens (poisons)
-Illness of mother
-Radiation/x-rays
-Drugs/alcohol
-Tabacco
What are the "temperament" categories of children?
-Easy children=40%, relaxed/agreeable
-Difficult children=10%, moody/intense
-Slow-to-warm-up=15%, restrained/shy
-Remaining=do not fit into categories
What are 4 newborn reflexes?
-Grasping=object in hand, baby will grasp
-Rooting=lightly touch infant's cheek and baby will turn head and attempt to nurse
-Sucking=object around baby's mouth they will suck
-Moro=hugging motion if baby's position is changed or loud noise
What happens in newborn emotional development?
-Express excitement 1st
-Social smile=smile from social stimuli
-Full range by age 2
What is newborn social development?
-Attachement=close bond infant has with caregivers
-Separation anxiety can occur
What are the 3 types of attachment quality?
1.Secure=cry when mom leaves, fine during day, happy when she's back
2.Insecure-avoidant=angry when mom leaves, mad again when she is back
3.Insecure-ambivalent=all day "where's mom", but when she gets back not so sure about reunion
What are the 3 types of parenting styles?
-Authoritarian=controlling, strict rules, children lack curiosity/are withdrawn
-Authoritative=has rules, but will discuss, love combined with firm guidance, children are resilient, good at coping, independent
-Permissive=little guidance, lenient, children are dependent, immature, misbehave
What are typical maternal vs. paternal roles?
-Maternal=nurturing, speak more, play conventional games, physical and emotional
-Paternal="playmate", more physical, "story teller"
What are ethnic differences in parenting styles?
-African-American=education level lower, father may be absent, loyalty, tight-knit family
-Hispanic=Catholic, high value on family, affectionate, permissive, male-dominated
-Asian/Arab=cognitive influence, authoritarian, rule-bound
How does language develop in children?
-Cooing=repetition of vowel sounds
-Babbling=repetition of meaningless language sounds
-Single-word stage
-Telegraphic stage=two word sentences that communicate an idea
Who was Jean Piaget and what was his theory?
-Believed children passed through different stages , but only studied his own children, underestimated children's abilities
1.Sensorimotor=mostly non-verbal
2.Preoperational=2-7 yrs, memories, intuition
3.Concrete operational=7-11 yrs, mastery of conservation
4.Formal operations=11 and up
What was Vygotsky's theory?
-Cognitive development influenced by social and cultural factors
-Combines envorinment and development
-Can only do certain learned things in environment they were learned in
What are "twixsters"?
Twentysomething people living at home with parents, no children or career
Zygote
Fertilized egg formed by union of sperm and egg
Gene
Basic unit of genetic instruction
Chromosomes
Molecules of DNA that hold genetic info
Identical twins
One egg breaks apart earlier in development
Fraternal twins
Originate from two eggs
Teratogens
Environmental agents that can lead to birth defects
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy, severe effects on child
Habituation
Decrease in response to a stimuli once it becomes familiar
Phonemes
Smalles speech sound in language
Holophrase
A words that expresses a complete idea
Overextension
Application of a newly learned word to objects that are not included in the meaning of the word
Underextension
Failure to apply the new word to objects that are included within its meaning
Schemes
Frameworks for our knowledge about people, objects, and actions
Assimilation
Interpretations of new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Accommodation
Modification of current schemas to allow for new experiences
What was Piaget's stages of development?
1.Sensorimotor=children uses senses and motor abilities to learn
2.Preoperational=children use thinking to understand world, but are still egocentric and lack some logical thinking
3.Concrete operational=gain cognitive operations for logical thinking, understand conversations, math, but cannot reason abstractly
4.Formal operation=further development until fully developed
Object permanence
Knowing an object exists without having perceptual contact with it
Centration
The tendency to only focus on one aspect of a problem at a time
Information-processing approach to cognitive development
Assumes cognitive development is continuous and improves as children become better at processing
Zone of proximal development
Difference between what a child can actually do and what they could do with help (Vygotsky)
Scaffolding
teacher adjusts level of help in relation to child's level of performance
What are the levels in Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning
-Preconventional=avoid punishment, look out for yourself
-Conventional=moral reasoning based on social rules and laws
-Postconventional=moral reasoning based on self-chosen ethics