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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many main perspectives characterizes modern psychology?
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9
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What are the nine main perspectives that characterizes modern psychology?
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biological, developmental, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, sociocultural, evolutionary/ sociobiological, and trait views
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What is the biological view?
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The biological view searches for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain, the nervous system, and the endrocrine system.
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What is neuroscience?
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Neuroscience is the combination of biological psychology, biology, neurology, and other brain processes.
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What is evolutionary view?
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Human traits arrive from our ancestors. Our behaviors are shaped by the conditions our ancestors faced thousands of years ago.
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What is natural selection in terms of psychology view?
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Natural selection in terms is psychology is when people with the most adaptive mental and physical abilities survive longer.
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What is the developmental view?
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The psychological perspective emphasizing changes that occur across the lifespan.
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Why do psychological changes occur? (developmental view)
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heredity vs. environment
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What is the cognitive view?
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Emphasizes mental processes, such as learning, memory, perception, and thinking, as forms of information processing (anti behaviorism)
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What do cognitive psychologists study?
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cognitions.. mental processes
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What is natural selection in terms of psychology view?
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Natural selection in terms is psychology is when people with the most adaptive mental and physical abilities survive longer.
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What is the developmental view?
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The psychological perspective emphasizing changes that occur across the lifespan.
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Why do psychological changes occur? (developmental view)
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heredity vs. environment
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What is the cognitive view?
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Emphasizes mental processes, such as learning, memory, perception, and thinking, as forms of information processing (anti behaviorism)
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What do cognitive psychologists study?
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cognitions.. mental processes
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What is the idea that cognitive psychologists and linguists developed?
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Most basic language abilities are innate.
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What are cognitions?
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Mental proccesses such as thinking, memory, sensation, and perception.
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What is cognitive neuroscience?
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cognitive scientists who are interested in the brain
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What is clinical view?
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The psychological perspective that emphasizes mental health and mental illness.
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What are some variations of the clinical view?
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Psychodynamic and humanistic psychology
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What does psychodynamic psychology says?
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We are motivated by the energy of irrational desires generated in our unconscious minds.
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Who is the best known representative of psychodynamic?
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Sigmund Freud
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Who are some humanistic psychologists?
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Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers |
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What is humanistic psychology?
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A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will.
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What does the behavioral view state?
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It states that causes of behavior should be looked for in the environment rather than the in the mind.
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Who is the most influential behaviorist?
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B.F.Skinner
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Who are cognitive behaviorists
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Behaviorists that said that the mind plays some role in our behaviors.
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Sociocultural view
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social influence is the focus of psychology. emphasizes the importance of social interaction, social learning, and cultural perspective
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evolutionary/ sociobiological view
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behavior is both adaptive and hereditary
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What is humor?
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Fluid
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What are the four humors?
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blood, phlegm, melancholer, yellow bile
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Blood
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Sanguine
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Phlegm
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slow and deliberate
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melancholer
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melancholy
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yellow bile
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angry and aggressive
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What are traits?
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Long lasting personality characteristics
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What is the Big Five?
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five major personality dimensions of the trait view
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Which of the nine views of psychology have become dominant?
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bilogical, cognitive, and developmental
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Among social scientists those who focuses on what are gaining dominance?
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those who focus on culture
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Which views are becoming less popular?
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behavioral camp, Freudan psychologists in clinical psychology
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Women psychologist statistics
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2/3 of the psychologists are women
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G Stanley Hall
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academic work would ruin a woman's health and cause deterioration of her reproductive organs
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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first female president of American Psychological Association, rejected from harvard
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Cognitive
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People undergo predictable patterns of change throughout their lives.
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Behaviorial
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Our behavior is primarily shaped by learning.
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Trait
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Individual differences result from differences in our underlying patterns of stable characteristics. (traits)
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What is the name of the stupid horse?
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Clever Hans
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What is the name of the horse owner?
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Von Osten
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What is psychology?
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The study of behavior and mental processes.
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What does psych means?
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the mind
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What is the psychology based on?(important)
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objective, verifiable evidence
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Empirical approach
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a study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research. (standard for the methodology and scientific study of behaviors and mental processes)
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what is psychology not?
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mere speculation and commonsense
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Who assembled the committee of scientists that came to test Clever Hans' abilities?
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Carl Stumpf
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When was the committee of scientists that came to test Clever Hans' abilities assembled"?
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1904
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Who is the owner of Clever Hans?
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Wilhelm Von Osten
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Who remained suspicious of Han's abilities?
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Oskar Pfungst
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What was the more controlled test that tested Han's abilities?
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The more controlled test consisted of Von Osten disappearing from the testing scene or being covered up with a cloth.
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What is the science of psychology based on?
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objective, verifiable evidence
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The science of hand writing analysis
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graphology
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Examples of pseudopsychology
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astrology, palm reading, graphology, the power of subliminal (sth perceived unconsciously) messages from advertisements, polygraph (lie detector), demonic possesions, superiority of racial groups.
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What is psuedopsychology
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false ideas and facts that claim to be scientific psychology----- (or) false claims made under the name of psychology
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What are the harmful effects of pseudopsychology? (IMPORTANT KNOW THIS!)
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1. ppl deprive themselves of the real psychology.
2.waste time, money, talent, even lives 3. fraud 4. diminished public support of real psychology 5. dangerous therapies |
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What is confirmation bias?
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it is when we pay attention to events that confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence taht contradicts them
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What are some types of dangerous therapies?
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Facilitated communication fiasco
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What is autism?
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A developmental disorder that can damage language, and impair attention and social functioning.
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what is a false treatment of autism?
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facilitated communication
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What is the erroneous belief in which autism is based on?
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autism sufferers can have impressive verbal abillites that lie hidden by their disorder
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What is facilitated commnication?
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when a facilitator or a helper helps an austistic person answer questions by helping them such as pointing to the answers.
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What is the main problem with facilitated communication?
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making sure that the autistic person responds instead of the facilitator
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Why was facilitated communication bad?
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1. useful treatments delayed
2.parents get more depressed and blame themselves 3. children say false things |
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What categories are psychologists divided into?
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1. experimental psychologists
2. teachers of psychology 3. applied psychology |
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experimental psychologists
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basic research, most work in colleges (research psychologists), smallest
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teachers of psychology
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overlaps with the experimentalists, researchers also teaches
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applied psychologists
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64% use the knowledge of psychology (knowledge developed by experimental psychologists) to solve human problems---- very wide
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Industrial and organizational psychologists
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specialize in modifying the work environment and maximize productivity and morale, testing procedures to help organizations select new employees
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Sports psychologists
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work with athletes, motivate the, contorl emotions and pressure, planning practice sessions
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engineering psychologists
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what went wrong in accidents with human errors
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school psychologists
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problems of teaching and learning
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rehabilitation psychologits
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treat patients with both physical and mental disorders
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clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists
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talk to ppl work with them, help them make choices, counseloing
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psychologists vs psychiatrists
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psychiatrist are more concerned in teh medical field holds a MD, license to prescribe medicine ,psychology is broader
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what is psychiatry?
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medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
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ancient psychologists/ philosophers
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Plato, aristotle (empiricism) socrates
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What did the Greeks believe about emotions?
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they flow from the organs such as the heart the spleen,...
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What did the Greeks think that caused mental disorder?
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excessive bile
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What is a shaman?
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african healer
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where did truth came from in the greek mind?
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casual observation, logic, authority of experts
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How did the church view the mind?
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as an unsolvable mystery
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What did Rene Descartes say in the 17th century?
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human sensations and behaviors are based on activity in the nervous system
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What are the 5 viewpoints of psychology>
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structuralism, functionalism, gestalt psychology, behaviorism, psychoanalysis
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When did Wundt established his institute?
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1879
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2 revolutionary ideas that shaped psychology
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1. Darwin's theory of evolution
2.periodic table |
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How did Darwin's theory of evolution shaped psychology?
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animal behavior can be applied to humans
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How did the periodic table shaped psychology? (IMPORTANT)
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lead to structuralism, periodic table made chemical reactions clear... likewise structures in the mind makes mental processes clear
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Wilhelm Wundt
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first person to call himself as a psychologist. established a pssychological insttitue in university of leipzig 1879 functionalism
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what are some elements of concsciousness that wundt and his students studied?
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sensation, perception, memory, attention, emotion, cognition, learning, language,
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introspection
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the process of reporting on one's own conscious mental experiences
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what is functionalism
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mental processes can best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function
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what did william james proposed?
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first applied psychologist, psychology should explain how ppl adapt of fail to adapt to their environments
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john dewey
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progressive education. learningby doing better than learning from book
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gestalt psychology
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perceptual wholes opposite of structuralism
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important gestalt psychologists?
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mark wartheimer. wolfgang kohler
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behaviorism
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stimuli from environment and ppl's reaction no mind, denied introspection
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john b watson
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leader of behaviorism
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psychoanalysis
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mental disorders come from conflicts in the unconcscious mind
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which historical root of psychology outlasted the others?
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behaviorism
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what does the necker cube illustrate? IMPORTant
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1. introspection cant be accurate
2. We dont see the world as it really is but percieve it by adding our own interpretations. 3. necker cube: metaphor for psychology... many ways to view psychology |
