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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do developmentalists study?
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A branch of Human Behavior that covers from birth to death
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Examples of Bi- Directional influence
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(people changing their world even as it changes on them) .. Baby smiles sees that it makes parents happy so she smiles more; Manager that gives supportive critique makes better workers and a better working environment.
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Main beliefs, contributions and criticisms of ...
Behaviorists (learning theory) |
Beliefs..
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Main beliefs, contributions and criticisms of ...
Piaget's model |
Beliefs..
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Main beliefs, contributions and criticisms of...
Freud |
Beliefs
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quantitative vs. qualitative
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quantitative: research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, suc as ranks or scales
qualitative: (think quality) research that considers qualities instead of quantities |
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nature vs. nurture?
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- heredity vs. environment
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Erickson's stages..
Industry vs inferiority Childhood 6 to 12 yrs |
They work hard at "being responsible, being good and doing it right." Children in this stage have to learn the feeling of success. If the child is allowed too little success, he or she will develop a sense of inferiority
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identity vs role confusion
adolescence 12 to 16 yrs |
The adolescent is newly concerned with how he or she appears to others
develops a sense of sexual identity. |
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intimacy vs isolation
young adult 18 to 45 |
prepared for intimacy, a close personal relationship, and isolation, the fact of being alone and separated from others. A balance between intimacy and isolation makes love possible as we must know how to be alone in order to learn to truly love.
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What is the critical period?
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Specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development.
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What are Ericksen's crises in early and middle childhood?
2 of them |
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority |
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What are the names and characteristics of each of the four Piaget stages?
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sensorimotor- object permanence
preoperational-egocentrism concrete- spatial relationships formal- abstract thought |
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Independent Variable (IV)
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the condition or event manipulated by experimenter.
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Dependent Variable (DV)
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he aspect of the behavior thought to be affected by independent variable
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What are the advantages of Experimental Research?
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Permits conclusions about cause and effect relationships
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What are the disadvantages of Experimental Research?
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- Manipulations and control often make experiments artificial
- Practical realities and ethical concerns make it impossible to conduct experiments on many issues |
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Helping children cope with divorce
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explain to them its not their fault
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Freud’s Defense Mechanisms..
Acting out |
-Behaving in a manner that expresses impulse or unconscious wishes without awareness/understanding of the emotion driving behavior
example..Temper tantrum, drug use, promiscuity …unconscious wish may be a desire for attention, emotion may be loneliness |
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Altruism
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Concern for other’s well-being, in an either excessive or successful manner. Actions/service to others that brings enjoyment, distraction, or avoidance of problems.
A church member who volunteers for any and every responsibility; the friend who bends over backward to serve, at their own expense. |
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Anticipation
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Realistic planning for future discomfort. Adequate anticipation may yield appropriate preparation for future event/circumstance creating anxiety.
Spending so much time planning for future events that events are not enjoyed. |
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Denial
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Declaring or thinking whatever is true is false. Refusal to accept reality, external facts, events, implications bc nature of the reality threatens individual. Emotional conflicts resolved by refusal to acknowledge unpleasant external realities.
Alcoholic who refuses to believe his drinking makes an impact on his job performance or family life |
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Displacement
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Aggression or even sexual impulses redirected to a more acceptable party. Emotion pointed to safer outlet. Separation of emotion from its real object. Emotion dissuaded to object, party that brings less risk.
Mother may yell at child when she feels angry at husband. In this case she displaces her anger toward child bc child appears to be a more acceptable target; less threatening, less risk in outcome. |
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Dissociation
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Mod of internal identity, character to avoid painful emotions. Separation of naturally occurring feeling from event or thought. Extreme compartmentalizing. Feel separated from their bodies. Feel events are not really happening. Conscious thought process is elsewhere, not in present moment.
Individual day dreams excessively to avoid painful realities, even situation they currently experience. |
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Distortion
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Large reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs.
Individual convinces themselves everyone around them dislikes them to prevent attachments, risk of rejection; or, convinces self that everyone adores them to feed ego and avoid painful realities. |
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Fantasy
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Propensity to withdrawal into fantasy for resolution of conflicts, in both the inner and outer world.
Excessive daydreaming which may interfere with functioning in external world. |
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Humor
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Allows for exploration of absurdity, or emotions & ideas unpleasant to focus on or too terrible to talk about, in a way that brings pleasure to others. Wit, a type of humor that displaces. Wit brings attention to the distressing, which remains unpleasant.
Excessive humor used to mask emotions and avoid addressing underlying “true” issues. |
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Hypochondriasis
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Turning negative feelings into pain, illness, and anxiety instead of expressing feelings or addressing issues.
Experiencing symptoms of various illnesses. Psychosomatic symptoms. |
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Idealization
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Unconsciously choosing to perceive another individual as having more positive qualities than he or she may actually have.
Perceiving an average looking person to be extremely beautiful |
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Identification
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The unconscious modeling of one’s self upon another person’s character and behavior. Or conscious efforts to model and conform to a group.
Mimicking another’s dress, or mannerisms. |
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Intellectualization
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Taking an extremely objective viewpoint without regard for emotions. Focusing on only intellectual parts of a situation to create distance from relevant anxiety provoking emotions. Avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects. Thinking about wishes in emotionally bland, formal ways, not acting on them.
After learning they have a terminal illness, an individual begins spending all time studying about the illness to avoid thinking about the direct effect in their own life. |
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Introjection
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Identifying with some idea or object so deeply that it becomes a part of another person.
Deeply associating a belonging with an absent person; the object mentally represents that person (in a very extreme form, necrophilia) |
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Isolation
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The general form of separation of feelings from ideas and events.
Describing a murder with graphic details with no emotional response. |
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Passive aggression
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Aggression towards others expressed indirectly or passively.
Overly compliant on the outside, with underlying resistance or hostility. |
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Projection
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Attributing one’s own unacknowledged unacceptable/unwanted thoughts and emotions to another. Reduces anxiety, allows expression of undesirable impulse or desire without conscious awareness.
Assuming that someone you extremely dislike extremely dislikes you. Severe prejudice, severe jealousy, hyper vigilance to external danger, and “injustice collecting”. |
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Rationalization
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Creating false but credible justifications. Convincing oneself no wrong was done or all is or was all right through faulty/false reasoning. Indicator of this defense mechanism can be seen socially as the formulation of convenient excuses.
You are turned down by someone you are interested in, and rationalize that you were not that attracted to them. Protects self-esteem |
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Reaction Formation
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Overacting in the opposite way to a fear. Converting unconscious wishes or impulses perceived to be dangerous into opposites; behavior completely opposite of what one really wants or feels; taking opposite belief because true belief causes anxiety. Works effectively for coping in the short term, will eventually break down.
A manager treats employee whom they extremely dislike ultra kindly, making many special efforts to cater to that person and thus hide true feelings of dislike. |
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Regression
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Reverting to coping at an earlier stage of development.
Adult throwing a temper tantrum |
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Repression
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Pulling thoughts into unconscious, preventing painful or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness; seemingly unexplainable naivety, memory lapse or lack of awareness of one’s own situation and condition. Emotion is conscious, idea behind it absent. Pushing uncomfortable thoughts into the subconscious.
Individual abused as a child represses feelings and memories, so that feelings and memories no longer remain in the conscious memory. The abuse continues to affect the individual’s behavior in relationships |
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Sublimation
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Redirecting ‘wrong’ urges into socially acceptable actions.
Individual redirects murder impulses and becomes a surgeon. |
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result of prenatal exposure to drugs
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Tobacco -several adverse outcomes for fetuses, including increased risk for stillbirth, infant mortality, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, preterm birth, and respiratory problems.
Alcohol -physical and nurological effects Cocaine, Marijuana, and Other Illicit Drugs- addiction, low birth weight to behavioral and cognitive deficits developmentally. For example, impaired attention, language, and learning skills, as well as behavioral problems |
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What are the names and characteristics of each of the four Piaget stages?
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sensorimotor- object permanence
preoperational-egocentrism concrete- spatial relationships formal- abstract thought |
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What are some common characteristics of adolescents relationships with their parents?
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arguments about day-2-day issues
less than 1 in 5 rebellious authoritative parenting beneficial bidirectional influence |
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why do people respond differently to stress?
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different genetic makeup
" habits " behaviors " attitudes |
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Karyotype
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display of chromosomes to identify abnormalities
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what does the U-shaped curve for marital satisfaction mean
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no kids its up have kids goes down then kids move out it goes back up
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Ageism
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discrimination against someone because of their age
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Name 4 types of parenting styles?
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Disciplinary strategies
Warmth and nurturance Communication styles Expectations of maturity and control |
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Benefits of childhood illnesses:
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builds immunity
learn to cope with physical stress attend to bodily sensations learn empathy promotes language development |
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How does parent behavior influence development?
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how you were raised gives you an example of how to deal with situations and how it will affect you and your future
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Operant Conditioning
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learning based on association of behavior with its consequences; learning based on reinforcement or punishment
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Organismic Perspective
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view that human development is internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages
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Kohlberg- main principles
..........Level 1 Preconventional Morality |
-Obedience and Punishment- earliest stage children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment. -Individualism and Exchange--children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. |
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Level 2
..... Conventional Morality |
Interpersonal Relationships
Often referred to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, this stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conformity, being "nice," and consideration of how choices influence relationships. - Maintaining Social Order At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty and respecting authority. |
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Level 3
Postconventional Morality |
-Social Contract and Individual Rights
At this stage, people begin to account for the differing values, opinions and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards. - Universal Principles Kolhberg’s final level of moral reasoning is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules |
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Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
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-Kohlberg's theory is concerned with moral thinking, but there is a big difference between knowing what we ought to do versus our actual actions.
-Critics have pointed out that Kohlberg's theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices. Factors such as compassion, caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning. -Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community. Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlberg's theory does not account for. |
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kubler-ross' grieving cycle
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1. Denial — "I feel fine."; "This can't be happening, not to me."
Denial is usually only a temporary defense for the individual. This feeling is generally replaced with heightened awareness of positions and individuals that will be left behind after death. 2. Anger — "Why me? It's not fair!"; "How can this happen to me?"; '"Who is to blame?" Once in the second stage, the individual recognizes that denial cannot continue. Because of anger, the person is very difficult to care for due to misplaced feelings of rage and envy. Any individual that symbolizes life or energy is subject to projected resentment and jealousy. 3. Bargaining — "Just let me live to see my children graduate."; "I'll do anything for a few more years."; "I will give my life savings if..." The third stage involves the hope that the individual can somehow postpone or delay death. Usually, the negotiation for an extended life is made with a higher power in exchange for a reformed lifestyle. Psychologically, the ind |
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Genetics
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1. The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
2. The genetic properties or features of an organism, characteristic, etc: "the effects of family genetics on the choice of career" |
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what are good interview techniques?
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being attentive
max eye contact single word repeats paraphrasing ask open ended ?'s |
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Characteristics of old age
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* Poor eyesight
* Hard of hearing * Grey/ White hair * Wrinkles * Suspicious of technology * Slower movements * More likely to suffer from diseases * Weaker immune system |
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what are the gender differences concerning illness?
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women live longer due to 2nd X chromosome
estrogen good cardiovascular health seek help from others self conscious |
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Language milestones
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1st word- 12-24 months
2nd word sentences - 24 months 1000 word vocabulary- 36 months |
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Robert Peck's tasks of adulthood
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a) The first is REDEFINITION OF SELF VERSUS PREOCCUPATION WITH WORK-ROLE, which means that those in old age must redefine themselves in ways that do not relate to their work-roles or occupations.
b) The second major task is BODY TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS BODY PREOCCUPATION, a period in which people must learn to cope with and move beyond changes in physical capabilities as a result of aging. c) The third developmental task is EGO TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS EGO PREOCCUPATION in which elderly people must come to grips with their coming death. |
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Alzheimer's disease
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degenerative brain disorder characterized by cognitive degeneration and loss of control of body functions, leading to death
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor |
0–2
The child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking. The child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. Object permanence appears around 9 months. |
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Preoperational
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2–7
The child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident. Conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of concrete operations. |
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Concrete Operations
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7–11
The child demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. Thinking at this stage is still concrete. |
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Formal Operations
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12+
The individual demonstrates abstract thinking, including logic, deductive reasoning, comparison, and classification. |
