Psychology 110- Unit 3

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a response that occurs as a result of experience

Front 2

Associative Learning

Back 2

A type of learning principle based on the assumption that ideas and experiences reinforce one another and can be linked to enhance the learning process

Front 3

Classical Conditioning

Back 3

Learning that occurs when two stimuli-a conditioned stimulus (originally a neutral stimulus) and an unconditioned stimulus-are paired and become associated with each other

Front 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Back 4

Stimulus that automatically produces a response without any previous training

Front 5

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Back 5

Reaction that is automatically produced when an an unconditioned stimulus is presented

Front 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 6

Neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Front 7

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 7

Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus; is similar to the unconditioned stimulus

Front 8

Generalization

Back 8

Occurance of responsesto stimuli that are similar to a CS

Front 9

Discrimination

Back 9

Occurence of responses only to a specific CS

Front 10

Extinction

Back 10

A general term for the reduction and elimination fo behaviors; in classical conditioning, extinctionoccurs when repeated presentation of the CS alone leads to a reduction in the strength of the CR; in operant condition, extinction occurs when a behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer

Front 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 11

Reappearance of an extinguished CR after the passage of time

Front 12

Operant Conditioning

Back 12

Learning that occurs when the participant must make a response to produce a change in the environment

Front 13

Respondent Behavior

Back 13

Behavior that appears to be clearly dependent upon a specific stimulus and elicited by that stimulus

Front 14

Operant Behavior

Back 14

Response that occurs to make a change in the environment

Front 15

Primary Reinforcer

Back 15

Stimulus that has innate reingorcing properties

Front 16

Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers

Back 16

Stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by being associated with a primary reinforcer

Front 17

Positive Reinforcement

Back 17

Event or stimulus presented after the target reponse that increases the liklihood that this reponse will occur again

Front 18

Negative Reinforcement

Back 18

Increase in the frequency of a target behavior (reponse) that occurs when a negative reinforcer is removed or teminated; escape condition and avoidance conditioning are examples

Front 19

Punishment

Back 19

The process of using a punisher to decrease response rate

Front 20

Shaping

Back 20

A form of operant conditioning in which a desired response is taught by reinforcement of successive responses that more closely resemble the target response

Front 21

Successive Approximations

Back 21

Withold reinforcement until the animal engages in a behavior that comes closer to the desired target response

Front 22

Schedules of Reinforcement

Back 22

Preset pattern for delivering reinforcement

Front 23

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 23

Reinforcement that follows every target response

Front 24

Partial Reinforcement

Back 24

Reinforcement that does not follow every target response

Front 25

Fixed Ratio

Back 25

When the number of responses required to produce a reinforcer is specified

Front 26

Variable Ratio

Back 26

When the number of responses required to produce a reinforcer is not specified

Front 27

Fixed Interval

Back 27

A constant period of time must pass before a response is reinforced

Front 28

Variable Interval

Back 28

Participants never know the exact time that must pass before a response is reinforced

Front 29

Insight Learning

Back 29

Sudden grasp of a concept or the solution to a problem that resultsfrom perceptual restructuring; typically characterized by an immediate change in behavior

Front 30

Vicarious Conditioning/ Modeling/ Observational Learning

Back 30

Learning that occurs through watching and imitating the behaviors of others

Front 31

Memory/ Retention

Back 31

System of process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use

Front 32

Recall

Back 32

Remember without cue or clues

Front 33

Recognition

Back 33

Pick out word from group (multiple choice)

Front 34

Re-learning

Back 34

How long it takes to remember something the second time then the first time

Front 35

Sensory Memory

Back 35

Very brief (0.5 to 1 second for visual stimuli and t to 3 seconds for auditory stimuli but extensive memory for sensory events

Front 36

Short-Term Memory Use(STM)

Back 36

Memory stage in which information is held in consciousness for 10 to 30 seconds

Front 37

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Back 37

Memory stage that has a very large capaity to store information relatively permanently

Front 38

State Dependent Learning

Back 38

Theory stating that when we learn something in a specific physiological state, our recall of that information will be better when we are in the same physiological state

Front 39

Mnemonic Devices

Back 39

Procedures for associating new information with previously stored memories

Front 40

Method of Loci

Back 40

Use of familiar locations as cues to recall item that have been associated with them

Front 41

Pegword

Back 41

Use of familiar words or names as cues to trall items that have been associated with them

Front 42

Chunking

Back 42

Memorizing a list by grouping them together with similarities

Front 43

Serial Position Effect

Back 43

Tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned better than items in the middle

Front 44

Id

Back 44

In psychodynamic theory, the most basic element of the personality; it is the source of the instincts and operates on the pleasure principle

Front 45

Ego

Back 45

The element of the mid that operates according to the reality principle and serves to satisfy the id and superego

Front 46

Superego

Back 46

The element of the mind that incorporates parental and societal standards in what is commonly referred to as the conscience as well as the idealistic ego ideal

Front 47

Oral Stage

Back 47

The first stage of psychosexual development in whcih the mouth is the focus of pleasure-seeking activity

Front 48

Anal Stage

Back 48

Second stage of psychosexual development, during which the focus of pleasure is the anus and conflict often occurs as efforts are made to toilet-train the child

Front 49

Phallic Stage

Back 49

The third stage of psychosexual development, in which the genital organs become the focus of pleasure-seeking behavior

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Latency

Back 50

Stage of psychosecual development that extends from about age 6 until the onset of puberty and is characterized byu low levels of sexual interest

Front 51

Genital Stage

Back 51

Stage of psychosexual development that begins at puberty and usually leads to normal adult sexual development

Front 52

Oedipus Complex

Back 52

Process the occurs during the phallic stage in which a bou wishes to possess his mother suxually and gear retaliation by his father

Front 53

Pleasure Principle

Back 53

Continuously drives one to seek pleasure and to avoid pain

Front 54

Reality Principle

Back 54

Compels one to defer instant gratification when necessary because of the obstacles of reality

Front 55

Free Association

Back 55

A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind without censoring anything