Psychology 110- Unit 1

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Structuralism

Back 1

Earliest approach in modern psychology, founded by Wilhelm Wundt 1879; its goal was to analyze the basic elements of conscious mind

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Functionalism

Back 2

Approach to psychology that focused on the purposes of conscious; how the mind works

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Behaviorism

Back 3

John Watson; looked at observable behavior and the learned nature of behavior

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Humanistic Psychology

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General approach to psychology, associated with Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, that emphasizes individuals' control of their behavior; well-adjusted people, look at whole person and conscious mind

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Gestalt Psychology

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Approach to psychology most noted for our emphasizing that our perception of a whole is different from our perception of the individual stimuli; the whole is different from the sum of the parts

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Psychoanalysis

Back 6

Both normal and abnormal behaviors are determined primarily by unconscious forces; Sigmund Freud, unconscious motivation

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Cognitive Psychology

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Study of higher mental processes, such as thinking, knowing, and deciding

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Eclecticism

Back 8

View of psychology that combines several different approaches

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Scientific Method

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System of investigation in which a person makes careful observations of a phenomenon, proposes theories to explain the phenomenon, makes hypotheses about future behaviors, and then tests these hypotheses through more research and observation

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Hypothesis

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Prediction about future behaviors that is derived from observation and theories

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Case Study

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In-depth study of a single person that can often provide suggestions for further research

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Naturalistic Observation

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Study of behavior in its typical setting, with no attempt to alter it

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Survey Method

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Research method that involves collecting information from a selected group of people who are representative of a larger group

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Correlation Method

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How one variable relates to another; scale of o.o to 1.o one being strongest relation, + or - tell us the direction of the relation

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Experimental Method

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Research method that involves manipulating independent variables to determine how they affect dependent variables

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Dependant Variable

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Variable that shows the outcome of an experiment by revealing the effects on an independent variable

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Independent Variable

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Variable manipulated by a researcher to determine its effects on a dependent variable

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Control Group

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A comparison group in an experiment that does not receive the effect of the independent variable being manipulated

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Placebo Effect

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In drug research, positive effects associated with a person's beliefs and attitudes about the drug, even when it contains no active ingredients

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Hawthorne Effect

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Sometimes any treatment will result in improved performance because the subjects knew they were getting special treatment

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Placebo Effect

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Sometimes only thinking that your getting better/special treament results in altered/improved performance

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Experimenter Bias (Rosenthal Effect)

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The expectation of the researcher may affect the outcome of a study

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Informed Consent

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Subjects must be informed of all aspects of the research which might influence their decision to participate

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Debriefing

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Debriefing must be done after every participation

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Confidentiality

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Information gained from participant must remain confidential

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Withdrawl Privileges

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Withdrawl at any time during the experiment, for any reason

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Protection From Harm

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A) The researcher must protect subjects from physical harm and mental distress
B) If a subject does experience harm or mental distress the researcher must try to alleviate it

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Voluntary Participation

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Subjects must not be forced to participate in research

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Global (Developmental) (Binet)

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One score would reflect a person's ability (global), intelligence increase with age (developmental), made by Alfred Binet

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Mental Age

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Age at which a child is functioning mentally

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I.Q.- Intelligence Quotient

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Mental Age/Calendar Age X 100= I.Q.

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Spearman Two Factor Model

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Two types of intelligence, general intelligence and specific intelligence, some people tend to do better in certain areas

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Thurstone Factors

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Primary mental abilities- 1)Number 2)Word Fluencey 3)Verbal Meaning 4)Memory 5)Reasoning 6)Spatial Relations 7)Perceptual Speed

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Gardner Multiple Intelligences

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1) Verbal/Linguistic
2) Musical
3) Logical/Mathematical
4) Visual/Spatial
5) Movement or Bodily Kinesthetic
6) Interpersonal Intelligence
7) Intrapersonal Intelligence
8) Existential
9) Naturalists

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Aptitude vs. Achievement

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Aptitude- potential
Achievement- What you have actually done

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Creativity

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The ability to produce work that is both novel and appropriate

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Emotional Intelligence

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Ability to read emotion

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Reliability

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Is a score accurate?

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Validity

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A test that measures what it says it is

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Standardization

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The development of procedures for administering psychological tests and the collection of norms that provide a frame of reference for interpreting test scores

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Norming

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Distribution of scores obtained by a large sample of people who have taken a particular psychological test

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The "Truth" About Intelligence

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1) Intelligence is not fixed throughout life
2) There is support for genetic factors in measuring intelligence
3) Environmental factors can and do affect measured intelligence
4) There are differences in measured intelligence (IQ) between ethnic groups
5) Intelligence (IQ) is related to geographical region
6) Current tests of intelligence are good predictors of scholastic success
7) There are no differences between men and women in IQ
8) The elderly are not all dumb
9) Intelligence is NOT a global phenomenon
10) Culture fair or culture free tests have been suggested but not perfected

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Mode

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Most frequently occuring score

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Median

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The middle score in a group of scores

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Mean

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The average of all the scores (X)

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Range

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Difference between high score and low score

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Representative Sample

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Sample selected so that it reflects the characteristics of a population of interest to the researcher

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Random Sample

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Sample of population picked at random