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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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The discipline concerned with behavior and the mental processes and how they are effected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.
A scientific study of behavior and mind |
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The Hindsight Bias
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"I knew it all along affect"
yellow and blue sheet activity. Examples. Predict the winner of the election (49 states to 1) survey people before then election. Predict a rape case, what happened. the thoughts of before and after How research in psychology works the scientific study of behavior and the mind |
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Goals of Psychology
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Not just to describe and explain behavior but also to predict control and behavior.
active science to aid science as well as people. |
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Empirical
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Relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement
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Examples of what isn't psychology
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Beethoven tapes to your infant, will your child become smarter? These beliefs are widely held, but are wrong
Dr. Phil |
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Critical Thinking
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The ability and willingness to assess claims and make judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote.
Critical thinkers are able to look at flaws in arguments and to resit claims that have no support. They realize that criticizing an argument is not the same as criticizing the person making it. Critical thinking, however, is not merely negative thinking. It includes the ability to be creative and constructive, the ability to come up with alternative explanations for events, think of implications of research findings and apply new knowledge to social and personal problems. |
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Wundt "father of psychology"
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1st labratory. 1st look at at psychology as a science and do research.
Structuralism: identify the common elements and experience-- everyone experienced the same thing; ice cube and record info (common experience) |
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Functionalism
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Another early approach to scientific psychology. Emphasized the function or purpose of behavior, as apposed to its analysis and description.
William James How and why does the mind help us function in the world? Influences: Charles Darwin, theory of evolution. |
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Gestalt Psychology
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Visual: (neon)
neon sign, understanding how we perceive things in the world. You cant take an experience and say what it means |
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Psychodynamic theory
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Freud
Theory of how thoughts and feelings affect behavior. Push and Pull of conscious and unconscious forces. |
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Behaviorism
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Skinner
The biological perspective focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings and thoughts. Reaction the Freuds views Study of ONLY behavior |
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Humanistic Psychology
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Rogers
Missing: people have positive qualities The learning perspective is concerned with how the environement and experiance affects a persons actions Goal: personal growth. People have positive values, free will and creativity Reaction to behaviorism and psychodynamic |
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Cognitive approach
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How information is stored and operated on.
Reaction to behaviorism. What goes on in peoples heads. Think of the human mind much like a computer. (the way it works) Organism ability for higher thought |
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Neurophysiology
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Understanding how the brain works helps us understand psychology.
new ways to look at the brain... new equipment and technology. |
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Evolutionary Psychology
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Natural selection: changes in the frequency of genes in a population that occur because those genes give an organism more chance of survival.
Giraffes and their necks (longer and longer over time) |
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Steps to Research:
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1. Observe Phenomena
2. Come up with hypothesis 3. Operationalize variables 4. Choose research method 5. Analyze data 6. Theory |
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The story of Kitty Genovese. Why didnt people help?
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other example.. fork in the road; go to Less people or more people?
less people |
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Hypothesis
(Kitty Genovese) |
A tentative and testable explanation of the realtionship between causes and consequences
Ex: The large number of people who are witnessing an act of violence the less likely someone will step out of their way to help, why the, and not someone else? |
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Operationalize variables
(Kitty Genovese) |
variable: measurable conditions that vary. (# of people helping)
Independent variable: the variable thought to predict the other variable. (# of people) Dependent variable: "the predicted" (helping) Operationalization: the concrete representation of the variables of interest. (what is helping?) |
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Case Study
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You study one case. pros/ cons (just because no one helped kitty doesn't mean the same will go for you. it is just one example.
real life description pro: rich data source con: vulnerable to biases, limited generalization |
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Survey
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Interviews or questionaires of many participants concerning a particular phenomena of interest.
Pro: more generalization, wide array of topic, real life description Con: Vulnerable to biases"tests" are correlational in nature. |
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Correlational studies
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Measure the independent and dependent variables in a number of cases in order to generalize to an entire population.
Look at a population. how many people witnessed and how many people were there. tells us about the relationship between variables |
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Correlation
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A statistical measure of how closely two variables are associated
-1.0 to +1.0 The higher the number the stronger the correlation Start with 3 variables X,Y,Z X: violence TV Y: violence X may cause Y Y may cause X X may be correlated with Y which causes Z |
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Psychopsysiology
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The way in which the mind and body act
Studies. Earlier, the brain damage study, could only really study when a brain was injured and what part was affecting the human. crude methods for animals. |
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Electroencephalogram
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placing electrodes on the outside of your brain to measure activity
sleep patters, dreams. negative; you can hear sctivity but you cant really know where its happening. |
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Positron emission tomography
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Better feel to whats happening in the brain as oppose to Electroencephalogram. Active areas have increased blood flow, different tasks show different patterns
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI
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MRI
Snapshot of the brain. Catscan- video F-MRI- both |
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The nervous system
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Central nervous system, brain/ spinal.
Peripheral nervous system, Somatic/atuonamic |
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Neurons and its structure
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The cells of the nervous system
Communicative cells: sensory: received signals from outside nervous system. (touch) Motor (transmit signals to muscles (muscles movement) Inter neurons: communicate with each other |
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Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine: important for learning, memory, muscle movement.
Serotonin: influences mood and regulates food intake. Dopamine: important to movement and to pleasure and reward. Norepinephrine: maintains alertness and wakefullness. |
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Peripheral nervous system
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Solmatic: voluntary muscle activity.
Autonomic: Sympathetic; generally activates, (Fight or Flight) Parasympathetic; generally inhibits (Rest or Digest) |
