Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Donders (1868): Choice RT vs. Simple RT |
He studied mental chronometry; how long a mental process takes. He would show people a flash of light to see how long they would take to respond. He was interested how long a decision would take to make. Simple RT task: participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears. Choice RT Task: Participant pushes one button if light is on the right side, another if the light is on the left side. He found that Choice RT takes about 1/10th second longer than Simple RT; meaning it takes longer to make a decision when you're having a Choice RT. Donder’s was one of the first to do an experiment where you can infer something from cognition from behavior. |
|
|
Ebbinghaus (1885): Forgetting Curve |
The first psychologist to study memory. Everyone else thought it was something that could not possibly be studied. He used himself as a subject and ran experiments on himself. He would repeat a list of nonsense syllables till he could remember it without 0 errors. He would then wait a and go through the list again after so much time to see how long it would take him to relearn the list. Forgetting curve: If you wait longer to revisit something you forget more. You forget way more right at the beginning, right after you earn something you forget a lot. |
|
|
Wundt (1879): First Psych lab |
He established psychology as a science & did the first psych lab. His approach was structuralism: we can analyze an experience in the mind by taking different elects and looking at them separately. |
|
|
Introspection method |
Wundt: The method he used was analytic introspection: looking into your mind; participants trained to describe experiences and though processes. |
|
|
Watson; study of behavior NOT of mind |
a critique of introspection, he said you get different results, because one person may see something as one thing and another as something else. Also, you cant verify these results.. so Watson assumed that the people were saying what the researcher wanted to hear. John Watson was who proposed behaviorism. Watson claimed there is no nature only nurture. |
|
|
Classical Conditioning: Little Albert |
(Watson) Classical condition, baby Albert playing with a lot of objects, and eventually he played with a rat and wouldn't be scared, because he's a baby he doesn't know. One day Watson stood behind the baby and started to hit pots and pans together until he cried, and then they would bring out the rat and he would cry. He was trying to show that adult phobia is just a basic stimulus connection. Anything that people are afraid later in life is a learned association. Pairing a neutral event and an event that naturally produces an outcome.. after many pairings they become associated with each other. |
|
|
Skinner |
Operant Conditioning : Shaping or changing behavior through rewards and punishments. When rewarded its most likely to be repeated in the future, and when punished its more likely to not be repeated in the future. |
|
|
Chomsky – argued against Skinner about Language (Against behaviorism) |
- Skinner argued that children learn language through operant condition ; children imitate the speech that they hear, and correct speech is rewarded. Chomsky didn't agree. He believed that babies had an inborn biological program; because children know how to s ay things that they haven't heard before and they probably have never been rewarded for them so how would they know to produce them? |
|
|
Tolman – spatial maps in rats - |
He trained rats to find food in a four armed maze. Holman believed that the rats would use a complex spacial reasoning to solve the problem, and the rats went straight to the food. (against the behaviorist ideas) |
|
|
Cognitive Revolution |
changing to new ideas where we care about the mind and studying the inner processes. (1950’s-1960’s) |
|
|
Study the mind & behavior |
measure observable behavior, make inferences about underlying cognitive activity |
|
|
Inferences: transcendental method |
Immanuel Kant, worked backwards from observations to determine the cause |
|
|
Information processing & early computers |
Provided scientist with new working ways of the mind by comparing it to a computer. |
|
|
Broadbent – model of attention |
He had a diagram that compared human thinking systems to a computer |
|
|
Cherry – dichotic listening task : |
you're hearing two different things at once, one message coming in one ear and another message coming in from another, but you're only supposed to pay attention to one and shadow the message that its saying. Can you filter out completely one side? Yes. |
|
|
Behavior approach Infer process through behavior: memory span |
SPAN test, how many numbers we can get right without making mistake |
|
|
Physiological (Cognitive Neuroscience) approachMeasure the brain: Anarthia, fMRI results : |
people are unable to produce speech because of muscles in the mouth/jaw. Losing muscles in jaw doesn't mean effect inner speech that goes on in your brain. It doesn't have to do with your actual mouth, but your brain. |
|
|
Experimental Research |
you want to control as much s possible and only manipulate the variables that are of interest to you! If you control things well you may isolate Cause & Effect. |
|
|
Cause & Effect |
when we see an effect from manipulating only one variable at a time, we have isolated and discovered a cause effect relationship. |
|
|
Independent vs. Dependent variables |
manipulate the independent variable and measure the dependent variable |
|
|
Between vs. Within subjects variables |
between is when you have separate people in each condition and within subjects variable the same people do both conditions of the experiment |
|
|
Experimental vs. Control group |
experimental group: exposed to treatment and the control group serves as comparison to asses the effects of the treatment |
|
|
Random assignment |
always want to randomly assign everything so there wont be any correlations |
|
|
Placebo effect |
role of expectations of measurements on a dependent variable …. expectation effect |
|
|
Double-blind |
subjects nor experimenters don't know what groups their in, because of bias of the experimenter can effect the experiment somehow. |
