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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stress |
The tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation, strains our ability to cope effectively. |
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Somatogenic |
Physiologically cause |
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Caharsis |
Feeling of relief following a dramatic outpouring of emotion |
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Psychoanalysis |
A set of theories that try to explain human an mental development. |
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Type A persoality |
Personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious. |
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Type D Personality |
Personality type that describes people who experience yet inhibit negative emotions. |
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Resistance |
Begin to adapt to the stressor and try to find ways to cope with it. |
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Cerebral Cortex |
Part of the brain responsible for thinking and reasoning |
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Stressor |
The situation or event inducing stress |
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Stressors As Stimuli |
Identifying different types of stressful events. Stress is caused by stressful events. Disastors, Trauma, Evolving life demands. |
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Stress as a transaction |
Situations demand a certain amount of your resources. If the situation is too large, or too many of them you break down. |
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Stress as a Response |
An examination of people's psychological and physical reactions to stressors. |
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Corticosteroid |
Stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances. |
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Hassles |
Minor annoyance or nuisance that strains our ability to cope. |
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Hassles Scale |
A way to measure stressful events. |
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General Adaptation Syndrome |
Stress response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
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Alarm Reaction |
Excitation of the Autonomic Nervous System, Release of adrenaline, and physical symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety resides in the Limbic system, Amygdala, hypothatlamus, and hippocampus. Fight or Flight |
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Resistance |
Adapts to stressor, and copes with it. |
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Fight-or-flight response |
Physical and psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves or escape a threatening situation. |
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Tend and Befriend |
Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture(tend) or seek social support(Befriend) under stress. |
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Exhaustion |
Negative downturn in our ability to handle stress as a result of prolonged stress. Can damage organ systems |
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
Follows stressful events, Involves flashbacks, vivid memories, avoiding reminders of trauma. Increased arousal, detachment from others. |
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Anxiety |
The longer we are exposed to stress, the higher the chance that the anxiety changes into depression. Caused by stress |
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Brain-Body relationship |
Body responds based off how brain deals with situation. How you think about things really matters. |
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Immune System |
Our body's defense system against invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances. |
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Illusory Correlation |
People perceive patterns when there are none. |
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
A life-threatening, incurable, yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system |
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Psychoneuroimmunology |
Study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system. Prolonged stress increases chance of catching cold. |
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Biopsychosocial Model |
Emotions contribute to, maintain, or aggravate illness. The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. |
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Psychophysiological |
Illnesses such as asthmas and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition. |
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Peptic Ulcer |
Inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea, and a loss of appetite. Helicobacter pylori. Not as emotionally related as we once thought. |
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Coronary heart disease (CHD) |
Damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart. |
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Social Support |
Relationships with people and groups that can provide us with emotional comfort and personal and financial resources. Correlation with friends and dying over time. |
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Behavioural Control |
problem vs avoidance coping. Face the problem, or avoid it |
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Cognitive Control |
Emotion focused coping, Take control of own thoughts, dont let negativity get to you. |
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Decisional Control |
Power to make own decesions, Deciding whether to take responsibility or not. |
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Informational Control |
You choose how to get information, confidence is found when well informed. |
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Emotional Control |
Ability to suppress and express emotions. |
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Catharsis |
Expressing what we feel |
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Optimism |
Tend to be more prductive, focused, persistent, and better at handling frustration. |
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Implicit egotism |
If ti comes from a likeable source, or if it is more similar to us, we are likely to believe it. |
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Recognition Heuristic |
If we have heard it before, we are more likely to think that it is true/right/good. |
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Spirituality |
Lower mortality rates, improved immune system, lower blood pressure and recover from illness more readily. |
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Hardiness |
Set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and courage and motivation to confront stressful circumstances. |
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Rumination |
The Degree to which we focus on how bad situations are, and analyze the cause and consequences of situations |
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Health Psychology |
Field of psychology, also called behavioral medicine, that integrates the behavioral sciences with the practice of medicine. |
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Smoking |
Most preventable risk of fatal disease |
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Alcohol |
Motor Accidents, increase risk of cancer, liver problems, neurological problems. |
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Glove Anaesthesia |
Loss of sensation in the hand alone, makes no sense for neurological principles. This shattered freuds belief in the somatogenic model. |
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Exercise |
has a role in relieving depression and anxiety. |
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Alternative Medicine |
Health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine |
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Complimentary Medicine |
Health care practices and products used together with conventional medicine. |
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Biofeedback |
Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of a biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature. |
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Acupuncture |
Ancient Chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body |
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Homeopathic Medicine |
Remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body's own natural defenses. |
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Personality |
People's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. |
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Nomothetic Approach |
Approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals. |
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Idiographic Approach |
Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person. |
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Psychic Determinism |
The assumption that all psychological events have a cause |
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id |
Reservoir of our most primitive impulses including sex and agression |
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Superego |
Our sense of morality |
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ego |
Psyche's executive and principal decision maker |
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Defence mechanisms |
Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety |
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Repression |
Motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses |
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Denial |
Motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences |
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Regression |
The act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically safer, age. |
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Reaction-Formation |
Transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite. |
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Projection |
Unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others. |
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Displacement |
Directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target |
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Rationalization |
Providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for undreasonable behaviours or for failures. |
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Intellectualization |
Avoids emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts |
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Sublimation |
Transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal |
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Oral Stage |
Psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth. 12-18 months |
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Anal Stage |
Psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training. 18 months -3 years |
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Phallic stage |
Psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals 3-6 years |
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Oedipus Complex |
Conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals. |
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Electra Complex |
Conflict during phallic stage in which girsl supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals. |
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Latency Stage |
Psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious.6-12 years |
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Genital Stage |
Psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction towards others. 12 years + |
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Neo-Freudian theories |
Theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth. |
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Style of Life |
Adlers theory that each person has a distinctive way of achieving superiority. Inferiority Complex |
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Horney |
Believed that Freud was gender biased, Stated the Oedipus Complex was a symptom not a cause. |
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Fromm |
Claimed Technology has given us too much independence, now we feel lonely and Isolated. |
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Inferiority Complex |
Feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings |
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Collective Unconsciousness |
Jung's theory that we have a shared storehouse of memories that our ancestors passed down to us across the generations. |
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Archetypes |
Cross-Culturally universal symbols |
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Social Learning Theorists |
Theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality |
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Reciprocal Determinism |
Tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behaviour. |
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Locus of Control |
Extent to which people believe that reinforces and punishes lie inside or outside of their control. |
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Self-Actualization |
Drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent. |
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Conditions of Worth |
According to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour |
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Factor Analysis |
Statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures. |
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Big Five |
Five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures |
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Structured personality test |
Paper and pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MPPI) |
widely used structured personality test designed to assess symtopms of mental disorders. |
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Empirical Method of test construction |
Approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them. |
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Face validity |
Extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring |
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Rational/Theoretical method of test construction |
Approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceputalization |
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Projective test |
Test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of |
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Projective hypothesis |
Hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus. |
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Rorschach Inkblot Test |
Projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots |
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
Projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures. |
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Graphology |
Psychological Interpretation of handwriting. |
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Incongruence |
Inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions |
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P.T. Barnum effect |
Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate |
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Pleasure Principle |
Tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification |
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Social Psychology |
Study of how people influence others' behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes. |
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Social Comparison Theory |
Theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others. |
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Mass Hysteria |
Outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion. |
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Attribution |
Process of assigning causes to behaviour |
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Fundamental attribution error |
Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behaviour. |
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Conformity |
Tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure Unanimity, Size, Negative emotion, Factors in conformity: Deindividuation, difference in deviation. |
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Deindividuation |
Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities. |
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Groupthink |
Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking |
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Group Polarization |
Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members. |
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Cult |
Group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause. |
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Inoculation effect |
Approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them. |
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Obedience |
Adherence to instructions from those of higher authority. |
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Pluralistic Ignorance |
Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do. |
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Diffusion of responsibility |
Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others |
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Social Loafing |
Phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups |
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Altruism |
Helping others for unselfish reasons |
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Enlightenment effect |
Learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better. |
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Aggression |
Behaviour intended to harm others, either verbally or physically. |
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Attitude |
Belief that includes an emotional component |
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Self-monitoring |
Personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes. |
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Cognitive dissonance theory |
Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs. People change their beliefs to reduce these unpleasant feelings |
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Self-Perception theory |
Theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours. |
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Foot-in-the-door Technique |
Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one. |
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Door-in-the-face Technique |
Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted. |
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Lowball technique |
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sale price, and then mentions all of the extra costs once the customer agrees on the purchase. e.g buying a car, tax, levies etc |
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Prejudice |
Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence. |
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Stereotype |
A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group. |
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Ultimate attribution error |
Assumption that behaviours among indvidiual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions |
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Adaptive Conservatism |
Evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different. |
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in-group bias |
Tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group |
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out-group homogeneity |
Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar. |
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Discrimination |
Negative behaviour toward members of out-groups |
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Scapegoat hypothesis |
Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes |
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Just-world hypothesis |
Claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason. |
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Central Route |
Merit of the arguement |
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Peripheral Route |
Snap decisions for silly reasons |
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Out-Group Homography |
Unfounded negative belief of those outside our group. Prejudice |
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Interpersonal Provocation (aggression) |
Likely to aggress towards someone who provokes us. |
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Frustration (aggression) |
likely to behave aggressively when we are frustrated |
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Media Influenced (aggression) |
Playing violent video games boosts the odds of real-world violence. |
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Aggressive-cues (aggression) |
external cues associate with violence can serve as discriminant stimuli. |
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Arousal-temperature (aggression) |
Rates of violent crime are associate with higher temperatures. |
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Intoxicants (aggression) |
Only triggers aggression when the target of our aggression occupies the focus of our attention. |
