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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensorimotor
(Jean Piaget) |
AGE: 0-2 yrs
Characteristics: Infants learn by using their senses (hearing, touching, tasting, seeing) and their motor skills (to manipulate, throw, bring closer, etc). Learning is largely trial & error. The infant enters the world with reflex behaviors (ex. sucking) and learns more complex sensorimotor patterns over time. |
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Concrete Operational
(Jean Piaget) |
AGE: 7-12 yrs
CHARACTERISTICS: Logical reasoning develops, as long as the problem is in the here and now (concrete) rather than abstract. |
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Formal Operational
(Jean Piaget) |
AGE: 12-15 yrs
CHARACTERISTICS: The adolescent improves on logical reasoning and can now solve abstract problems. Reasoning is more systematic but also more idealistic. |
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Egocentrism
(Jean Piaget) |
The inability to understand the perspective of another person if it differs from one's own.
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Object Permanence
(Jean Piaget) |
The idea that events and objects continue to exist even when they are not immediately seen, heard, or felt.
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Stages of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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Stages (4)
1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operational |
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Nature vs. Nurture-
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-nature: genetics
-nurture: environment and upbringing |
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Structuralism
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the task of psy…to analyze consciousness and break it down into the structures that make it up: Sensations and perception, vision, touch and hearing.
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Temporal theory
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Sound waves cause basilar membrane to vibrate. The rate of vibration determines the firing rate of nerve fiber (500 Hz tone-> 500 Hz vibration rate of BM-> 500 Hz firing rate of nerve fiber.
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Place Theory (Helmoholtz):
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A particular place among the basilar membrane leads to pitch perception (i.e, the place that vibrates most)
Problem: below 50 Hz all parts of BM vibrate about equally. Solution: Both theories may be valid for different frequencies: temporal theory for low frequencies, and place theory for high frequencies. |
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5 Goals of Psychology
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Describe
Understand Predict Influence Apply |
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Critical Thinking
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Taking an active role in the world around us; ability to evaluate the validity of information presented to us as fact.
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Behavior
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Actions and responses that we can directly observe and measure.
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Mind
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Internal states and processes, inferred from behavior.
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2 types of Research:
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Basic
Applied |
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William James
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Functionalism
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Wihelm Wundt - Father os Psychology
Edward Titchener |
structuralism
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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-Freud
- Seeks causes of behavior from within the inner workings of our personality -Emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and the unresolved conflicts from the past. |
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Psychoanalysis
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Analysis of the internal and unconscious, complex, psychological forces.
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Freud's premise
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1. Human beings have powerful inborn aggressive and sexual drives
2. Adult personality is determined by childhood experiences. |
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Psychodynamic Conflict
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Between impulses (drives) and defenses
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Behavioral Perspective
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External environment alone is responsible for governing our actions (behaviors)
Our behavior is determined by 1. Habits 2. Stimuli |
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Ivan Pavlov
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Classical conditioning (behavioral)
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Humanist perspective
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Emphasizes:
-Free Will -Innate tendency towards growth |
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Cognitive Perspective
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Examines how we perceive store and organize information
*concerned with how we think |
