Psychology 100A

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narcolepsy

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Is a chronic sleep disorder, or dyssomnia, characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)... When they wake up feel as if they cannot breath. May also experience cataplexy.

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consciousness

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the subjective awareness of internal and external events

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attention

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the internal processes people use to set and follow priorities for mental functioning

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somnambulism

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sleep walking. occurs in stage 3, 4. Don't see it in five, because of sleep paralysis

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cataplexy

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a drop attack, this uncontrolled urge to drop into sleep and you literally drop into sleep. Can go straight into stage 2

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SSRI

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selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor

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night terror

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a lot of panic, a lot of feelings of terror (in children) => very difficult to wake up => next day will not remember

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hypnagognic hallucinations

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which are frightening dreams with your eyes open.You know you are awake yet you think you are not

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sleep paralysis

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Sleep paralysis occurs upon awakening or just falling asleep.What happens is you have not finished your final stage of sleep,which is the rem,in rem our muscles are paralyzed.However you are not dreaming

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Why do we sleep

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to recover, to rejuvenate, away to remove yourself from a particular event, require less resources (conserving your own energy), maybe we solve problems (brain is still functioning, can still hear things, taste things, smell things, and touch things)

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nightmare

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Seen in both adults and children. Can sooth them, can talk to them the next day and can go to sleep centers to change thoughts

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Altered state of consciousness

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sleep is a prime example, perhaps a period of meditation, when you are hypnotized, etc..

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In freud's theory, the symbolic content of dreams is called

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latent content (hidden content of dreams)

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Manifest content

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according to Freud, the objects and events experienced in a dream

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Most common dreams

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1. Falling
2. being attacked,
3. Doing something over and over again
4. Missing exams, arriving for an exam late, arriving for an exam nude
sex much further down the list

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Characteristics of dreams

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distortion (e.g. distorted in time, space), visual and auditory, hallucinatory, probably dream in black and white

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If dream in colour

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would see more activity in occipital lobe, except researchers say there is no increase in activity. Therefore, we do not dream in colour; instead we apply it later.

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lucid dream

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is a dream in which one is dreaming
(between not being there a moment when you are there "ahha effect")

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Day dreams

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Swing it to positive and can control it

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According to Freud what are dreams?

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They are the window to our consciousness

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eros

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Is a drive that motivates us by sexuality

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thanatos

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Is a drive that motivates us by rage and violence (death drive)

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Individuals who don't move while sleeping

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somebody who doesn't experience pain, who is in a coma, who is paralyzed or is unconscious

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How much time do we spend in REM sleep?

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20% of our sleep, infants spend 50% of their sleep in REM stage

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Importance of REM sleep

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Idea that it is essential for learning (e.g. infants spend 50% of their sleep in REM and we do most of our learning between 1-6 years of age)

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Antabuse

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or disulfiram as it is also known, was the first medicine approved for the treatment of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Antabuse is prescribed to help people who want to quit drinking by causing a negative reaction if the person drinks while they are taking antabus (makes you throw up).

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Classical conditioning

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A set of procedures, initially developed by Pavlov, used to investigate how organisms learn about the signalling properties of events; leads to the learning of relations between events -- conditioned and unconditioned stimuli -- that occur outside of our control

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Unconditional stimulus (US)

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A stimulus that automatically produces -- or elicits -- an observable response prior to any training

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Unconditional response (UR)

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The observable response that is produced automatically, before training, on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus

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Conditioned response (CR)

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The acquired response that is produced to the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus; often resembles the unconditioned response, although not always

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Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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A nuetral stimulus (one that does not produce the unconditioned response before training) that is paired with the unconditioned and thereby comes to give rise to a conditioned response

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second-order conditioning

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a procedure in which an established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a second neutral stimulus

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Stimulus generalization

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responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus

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stimulus discrimination

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response to a new stimulus in a way that is different from the response to an established conditioned stimulus

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negative reinforcement

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The removal of an event after a response increass the likelihood of the response occurring again (e.g. remove headache symptoms by taking medication, and Hannah's parents nag her continually to clean her room. When she finally cleans it, they stop nagging. The removal of the naggin increases the probability that Hannah will clean her room again.

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Positive reinforcement

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The presentation of an event after a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again.

e.g. hug a child after receiving a drawing
e.g. Jean's parents reward him for cleaning room by giving him $5. The presentation of $5 increases the likelihood he will clean his room again.

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negative punishment

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Response leads to the removal of an event that decreases the likelihood of that response occuring again

e.g. Little Skip teases his three-year-old sister at the dinner table. His parents send him to bed without his favourite dessert. Withholding the dessert deacreases the likelihood that Skip will tease his sister at the dinner table.

e.g. Suspend an adult from driving and fine them if found to be driving when inebriated
(Want to decrease behaviour by taking away pleasure)

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Positive punishment

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Response leads to the presentation of an event that decreases the likelihood of that response occurring again.

e.g. Little Skip nearly runs intot the street; his mother pulls him back from the curb and scolds him. This decreases the likelihood that Skip will run into the street.
charge $10 per pack of cigarettes

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Reinforcement

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response consequences that increase the likelihood of responding in a similar way again

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Conditioned reinforcer

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a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior learning

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schedule of reinforcement

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a rule that an experimenter uses to determine when particular responses will be reinforced

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Attention

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learning requires attending to (noticing) behaviour and consequences of/for models

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Retention

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learning requires the remembering of the behaviour and rewards for days, weeks, months

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Reproduction

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learning requires the abilit to produce or physically re-enact what was modeled

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Conditioned reinforcer

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a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior learning

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Attention

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learning requires attending to (noticing) behaviour and consequences of/for models

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Retention

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learning requires the remembering of the behaviour and rewards for days, weeks, months

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Reproduction

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learning requires the abilit to produce or physically re-enact what was modeled
(re-create the same condition twice)

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Motivation

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must be motivated to enact what has been learned through modeling

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Bandura's famous BOBO doll experiment

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children learned by imitation
most importantly consequences of the model
the potential is acquired for incorrect responses to stimuli

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Gestalt critique of learning

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Kohler found chimps used insight into the problems to solve them, not trial and error learning, however, behavourist Robert Epstein trained pigeons to do this as well

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E.C. Tolman found what?

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that when rats wandered around maze without reinforcement they learned/the developed "cognitive maps" which enabled them to find the food faster

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Latent learning

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is done when there is learning without reinforcement

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vicarious learning

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also called motivation learning. It is learning through the actions of others, without having previously done it oneself, without direct reinforcement

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partial reinforcement schedule

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Response is followed by reinforcement only some of the time. e.g. Jean sometimes get $5 after he cleans his room
(acquisition is slower, but the learned response is more resistant to extinction).

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fixed-ratio schedule

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The number of responses required for reinforcement is fixed
e.g. Jean gets $5 every third time he cleans his room
(Jean cleans his room consistently with a pause in cleaning after each $5; he stops quickly if reward stops)

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variable-ratio schedule

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The number of responses recquired for reinforcement varies. e.g. Jean gets $5 after cleaning his room a certain number of times, but the exact number varies
(Jean cleans his room consistently with few pauses; he continues to clean his room even if the reward isn't delievered for a while)

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fixed-interval schedule

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Reinforcement is delievered for the first response after a fixed interval of time.

e.g. Every Tuesday, Jean parents give him $5 if his room is cleaned.
(Jean doesn't do much cleaning until Tuesday is approaching; he stops quickly if reward stops).

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Variable-interval schedule

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Reinforcement is delievered for the first response after a variable interval of time.
e.g. On some random weekday, Jean gets $5 if his room is clean.
(Jean cleans his room consistently and doesn't stop even if the reward isn't delivered for a while).

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shaping

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a procedure in which reinforcement is delivered for successive approximation of the desired response

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punishment

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consequences that decrease the likelihood of responding in a similar way again. It only suppresses an undesirable behaviour; it does not teach someone how to perform desirable behaviours

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observational learning, social learning, or modeling

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learning that occurs as a result of observing the experiences of others

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stimulus generalization

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responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus

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stimulus discrimination

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Responding to a new stimulus in a way that is different from the response to an establish conditioned stimulus

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extinction

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presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly, with the presence of the US, resulting in a gradual loss of the CR

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Spontaneous recovery

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the recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period without exposure to the conditioned stimulus

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Learning

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A relatively permenant change in behaviour, or potential to respond, that results from experience

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blockage

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If another conditioned stimulus is presented, but does not proved any new information no new conditioning occurs

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Instrumental conditioning

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a procedure for stuyding how organisms learn about the consequence of their own vuluntary actions.

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law of effect

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If a response to a particulare situation is followed by a satisfying or pleasant consequence; the response will be strengthened
If a response of a particular situation is followed by an unpleasant or unsatisfying consequence, the response will be weakened

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Reinforcement

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response consequence the increases the likelihood of responding a similar way again.

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discriminative stimulus

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the stimulus situation that sets the occasion for a response to be followed by reinforcement or punishment

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Visual neglect

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a complex attention disorder characterized by a tendency to ignore things that appear on one side of the body (usually the left)

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attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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a pyschological condition marked by difficulties in concentrating and sustaining attention and by high levels of fidgety physical activity; occurs most often in children

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Dyssomnias

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Troubles in timing, quantity, and quality of sleep (e.g. insomnia, and hypersomnia)

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activation-synthesis hypothesis

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dreams are the brains interpretation of random activity.

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biological clocks

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brain structures that schedule rhythmic variations in the body functions by triggering them at appropriate times

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circadian rhythms

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biological activities that rise and fall within a 24hr cycle

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melatonin

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hormone produced by the pineal gland , is inhibited by light, and thought to help sleeping

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alpha waves

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The pattern of brain activity seen in somebody relaxed with their eyes closed

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theta waves

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Pattern of brain activity seen in somebody in stage 1 of sleep

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delta activity

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pattern of brain activity in stages 3 and 4 of sleep. It is characterized by synchronized slow waves.

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REM sleep

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paradoxical sleep. A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and low amplitude, irregular EEG patterns similar to those found in the waking brain (REM typically associated with dreaming)

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Wish fulfillment theory

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dream is a psychological mechanism of wish fulfillment, a way to satisfy hidden wishes or desires especially sexual ones.

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latent content

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According to Freud true psychological meaning of objects and events in dreams, which are said to represent hidden wishes and desires that are too disturbing to be confronted directly

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hypersomnia

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a chronic sleep condition marked by excessive sleepiness

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insomnia

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a chronic condition marked by difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep, lasting for a period of at least a month.

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parasomnias

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includes nightmares, nighterrors and sleep walking