Psychology 1000 Chapters 1-4

Front 1

Psychology is the science of...

Back 1

behavior and mental processes

Front 2

This theoretical perspective studies the structures of the mind

Back 2

Structuralism

Front 3

This theoretical perspective studies the purposes and functions of the mind

Back 3

Functionalism

Front 4

Introspection derives from what psycological school of thought?

Back 4

Structuralism

Front 5

The process of reporting one's own conscious mental experiences.

Back 5

Introspection--derived from structuralism

Front 6

This theoretical perspective focuses on perception and perceptual learning--interested in "perceptual wholes"

Back 6

Gestalt psychology

Front 7

Theoretical perspective that focuses on behavior and excludes mental processes

Back 7

Behaviorism

Front 8

This man was a leader of the behavioral movement

Back 8

John B. Watson

Front 9

This approach focuses on unconscious thought and the conflict between internal drives, society, and early childhood experiences.

Back 9

Psychodynamic approach

Front 10

This approach focuses on the brain and the nervous system--neuroscience

Back 10

Biological approach

Front 11

This approach focuses on positive human qualities, free will, and self-actualization

Back 11

Humanistic Approach

Front 12

Rodgers and Maslow and Karen Horni support what psychological approach?

Back 12

Humanistic approach

Front 13

Freud, Erikson, and Adler supported this psychlogical approach

Back 13

Psychodynamic approach

Front 14

This approach focuses on the importance of mental processes to problem solving,learning, and memory

Back 14

Cognitive Approach

Front 15

This approach focuses on changes in response to ancestral environments

Back 15

Evolutionary Approach

Front 16

Buss, Cosmides,and Tooby support what psychological approach?

Back 16

Evolutionary approach

Front 17

Watson and Skinner support what psychological approach?

Back 17

Behavioral Approach

Front 18

This approach focuses on how social and cultural environments influence behavior and mental processes.--For instance, this approach studies ethnic and cultural groups within a country...

Back 18

Sociocultural Approach

Front 19

Wilhelm Wundt supported what psychological approach?

Back 19

structuralism

Front 20

William James supported what psychological approach

Back 20

Functionalism

Front 21

Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?

Back 21

Charles Darwin

Front 22

The beginning of psychology as a science began in what discipline?

Back 22

philosophy

Front 23

cause and effect is emphasized in the psychological approach advocated by William James. What approach is this?

Back 23

functionalism

Front 24

Psychologists labeled structuralists are interested in the______of the mind and use _________as their primary research method.

Back 24

structure, introspection

Front 25

True or False--Of clinical psychologists, organizational/industrial psychologists, developmental psychologists, and psychiatrists, psychiatrists are most likely to have a medical degree

Back 25

TRUE

Front 26

Who gave the name of structuralism to the early psychological approach that identifies the structures of the human mind?

Back 26

E.B. Titchener

Front 27

Wilhelm Wundt is to __________as William James is to ______________________

Back 27

structuralism, functionalism

Front 28

psychologists use scientific methods to study ______________

Back 28

behavior and mental processes

Front 29

____________'s like John B. Watson believe that only visible behavior can be measured and understood.

Back 29

behaviorists

Front 30

Behavior is ________. Mental processes are ___________.

Back 30

observable, private

Front 31

A psychologist that helps a patient talk about feelings and consider relationships is probably what type of psychologist?

Back 31

clinical psychologist

Front 32

A psychologist that that designs tests and methodologies for dating tests would probably be this type of psychologist?

Back 32

cognitive psychologist

Front 33

This psychological perspective says that people can make healthy choices that affect their thought and behaviors...

Back 33

humanistic perspective

Front 34

Watson and Skinner believe that psychology should focus on interactions with the environment that can be seen and measured. This is in accordance with the ______perspective

Back 34

behavioral

Front 35

The study of higher mental processes is_________ psychology.

Back 35

cognitive

Front 36

Which part of the neuron acts on the next cell?

Back 36

axon

Front 37

The nucleus of a neuron is located in the...

Back 37

cell body, also called the soma

Front 38

The primary function of dendrites is to...

Back 38

receive incoming information

Front 39

This part of a neuron looks like a tree with small "branches" that extend from the neuron cell body and spread like mini tree roots. The name of this part of the neuron comes for the Greek word for tree

Back 39

dendrites

Front 40

What is the correct route a message takes within a neuron?

Back 40

dendrite, cell body, axon

Front 41

When a neuron is at it's resting state there is a ___________charge on the inside of the cell membrane and a _____________charge on the outside

Back 41

negative, positive

Front 42

The physical junction between two neurons is called?

Back 42

the synapse

Front 43

the terms spinal cord, somatic nerves, and parasympathetic division are best associated with _________nervous system

Back 43

peripheral

Front 44

The central nervous system is made up of the...

Back 44

brain and spinal cord

Front 45

________ neurons carry electrochemical messages TO the brain

Back 45

afferent

Front 46

_______nerves send messages from the brain to the rest of your body

Back 46

efferent

Front 47

This division of the nervous system is composed of all of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord

Back 47

peripheral nervous system

Front 48

___________ nervous system controls essential body functions like heartbeat, breathing, digestion, sweating, and sexual arousal.

Back 48

autonomic

Front 49

The two integrated parts of the autonomic nervous system are...

Back 49

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Front 50

the _________nervous system causes salivation, constriction of the lungs and bladder and activation of the digestive tract during stress

Back 50

the sympathetic

Front 51

The Peripheral nervous system includes the _________ and ___________ nervous systems

Back 51

autonomic, somatic

Front 52

The somatic nervous system carries sensory information to the central nervous system and _____________

Back 52

sends voluntary messages to the body's skeletal muscles.

Front 53

A backpacker being chased by a bear would benefit most from which nervous system

Back 53

sympathetic nervous system

Front 54

Meditation techniques help lessen tension and slow heart rate and breathing because these exercises increase the response of which nervous system?

Back 54

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 55

arouses the cortex to keep the brain alert

Back 55

reticular formation

Front 56

Area of the hindbrain and brain stem structure that helps a person breathe and stand upright...

Back 56

medulla

Front 57

Damage to the __________ causes problems in balance and muscle coordination

Back 57

cerebellum

Front 58

one of the pleasure centers of the brain is the _________

Back 58

hypothalamus

Front 59

The ___________ plays a key role in fear and aggression

Back 59

amygdala

Front 60

the _____________ plays a key role in memory

Back 60

hippocampus

Front 61

the ____________ is primarily responsible for stereotyped patterns such as walking, sleeping, or turning to attend to a sudden noise

Back 61

reticular formation

Front 62

The ____________ mediates conscious experience and voluntary actions

Back 62

cerebral cortex

Front 63

Broca's area is located in the __________ hemisphere

Back 63

left

Front 64

Anger and emotions are affected by the __________ hemisphere of the brain

Back 64

right

Front 65

Broca's area controls the production of _____________

Back 65

speech

Front 66

Wernicke's area is locatedr headyou in the _________ lobe

Back 66

temporal

Front 67

if you see stars or flashes of light after hitting your head, this lobe was stimulated

Back 67

occipital lobe

Front 68

This lobe processes visual information

Back 68

occipital lobe

Front 69

What is Wernicke's aphasia?

Back 69

when people speak normally but cannot make sense out of language

Front 70

the somatosensory area of the brain plays an important role in behaviors involving

Back 70

touch

Front 71

This part of the brain processes information about body sensations

Back 71

somatosensory cortex

Front 72

The two halves of the cerebral cortex are called cerebral ________________

Back 72

hemispheres

Front 73

The large bundle of axons that connect the two halves of the brain is called the

Back 73

corpus callosum

Front 74

split-brain patients can only use verbal expression about information processed in which hemisphere of the brain?

Back 74

left

Front 75

most neurons send information to where?

Back 75

other neurons

Front 76

The part of the brain that regulates sleep and arousal is?

Back 76

the pons

Front 77

This is the relay station where all brain messages go through

Back 77

Thalamus

Front 78

The __________ monitors blood to determine the condition of the body

Back 78

hypothalamus

Front 79

Part of the brain that establishes long term memory--eating, drinking, sex

Back 79

hippocampus

Front 80

____________lobe controls movement and thinking--intelligence and personality

Back 80

frontal

Front 81

_______cortex is in the _________ lobe and controls voluntary movement

Back 81

motor, frontal

Front 82

_____________cortex controls positive emotions on the left and negative emotions on the right. also helps in mindfulness, awareness, and meditation

Back 82

prefrontal

Front 83

The somatosensory cortex is in the _________lobe

Back 83

parietal

Front 84

_______________lobe processes touch sensations and helps perceive spatial relationships

Back 84

parietal

Front 85

_________ lobes process sounds including speech

Back 85

temporal

Front 86

The ____________ system is the middle layer of the brain and includes the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and other structures

Back 86

limbic

Front 87

The ____________ division of the autonomic nervous system increases the heart rate during an emergency, while the _________ division slows the heart rate after an emergency is over

Back 87

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Front 88

What might carry a neural impulse across a synapse?

Back 88

dopamine

Front 89

Part of the brain that communicates directly with the "master gland" of the endocrine system?

Back 89

hypothalamus

Front 90

The chemical messengers in the brain are called __________while in the endocrine system they're called _______________

Back 90

neurotransmitters, hormones

Front 91

A drug or chemical that enhances the effects of neurotransmitters--serotonin

Back 91

Agonist

Front 92

Drug or chemical that inhibits the effects of a neurotransmitter

Back 92

Antagonist

Front 93

Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse are called

Back 93

neurotransmitters--
ex: dopamine

Front 94

The extended fiber that conducts information from the soma or cell body to the terminal buttons is called the

Back 94

axon

Front 95

Information travels along the axon in the form of an electrical charge called the

Back 95

action potential

Front 96

Bundles of many neurons are called _____________

Back 96

nerves

Front 97

A cell specialized to receive and transmit information to other cells in the body is a

Back 97

neuron

Front 98

afferent neurons which carry messages toward the CNS (brain) are also called

Back 98

sensory neurons

Front 99

efferent neurons which carry messages away from the CNS (brain) to muscles and glands are also called

Back 99

motor neurons

Front 100

A nerve cell that relays messages in between nerve cells, especially in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

Back 100

interneuron

Front 101

messages enter through the _______ arousing the _________ or cell body, then passing through the __________then it is transmitted by means of action potential to the cell's ______________. Here _____________rupture and release the contents into the _________ where they eventually dock at __________

Back 101

dendrites, soma, axon, terminal buttons, neurotransmitters, synapse, receptors

Front 102

Action potential either occurs full-blown or not at all this is called the ______ _______ ___________ principle

Back 102

All or nothing

Front 103

when a neuron is "ready to fire" it is in __________ potential

Back 103

resting

Front 104

when a neuron fires travels down the axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released by the terminal buttons the neuron is in _________ potential

Back 104

action

Front 105

In a ________ arc messages go from the afferent nerve to an interneuron to an efferent nerve

Back 105

reflex

Front 106

The neurotransmitter responsible for muscle actions, learning, and memory low levels linked to Alzheimers--high levels linked to nicotine--also regulates sleep

Back 106

Acetylcholine (ACH)

Front 107

This neurotransmitter is responsible for inhibitory functions. Low levels of it cause anxiety

Back 107

GABA

Front 108

This neurotransmitter causes stress and mania when levels are too high and depression when levels are too low--This neurotransmitter along with ACH regulates sleep

Back 108

Norephinephrine

Front 109

This neurotransmitter regulates sleep mood, attention, and learning--low levels of this neurotransmitter can cause depression--the drug Prozac can raise levels.

Back 109

serotonin

Front 110

These natural opiates mediate feelings of pleasure and pain

Back 110

endorphins

Front 111

This is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter--responsible for onset of lactation in new moms and attachment and emotional bond.

Back 111

Oxytocine

Front 112

This neurotransmitter produces sensations of pleasure and reward Imbalance is attributed to schizophrenia and Parkinson's Disease

Back 112

Dopamine

Front 113

The three main layers of the human brain are the...

Back 113

brain stem and cerebellum, the lymbic system, and the cerebrum

Front 114

A brain tumor in the limbic system is most likely to produce changes in a person's ____________

Back 114

emotions

Front 115

In the split-brain operation which part of the brain is severed

Back 115

the corpus callosum

Front 116

Structuralism uses the technique of ________________ to study consciousness

Back 116

introspection

Front 117

___________ was an early psychologist who dismissed introspection as too subjective to be scientifically useful

Back 117

John B. Watson

Front 118

Freud suggested that the clothes you wore yesterday and the capital of Chile is most likely to reside in your ___________________

Back 118

preconscious mind

Front 119

According to Freud, if you became aware of your conscious thoughts whatwould happen?

Back 119

it would cause you extreme anxiety.

Front 120

__________________ psychologists believe that the unconscious is primarily responsible for sorting, monitoring, discarding, and storing the constant stream of sights, sounds, sounds, smells, and textures, we encounter daily.

Back 120

Cognitive

Front 121

"Jet lag" is primarily a result of upset what?

Back 121

circadian rhythms

Front 122

Deprivation of _______ sleep results in irritability during the next day

Back 122

REM

Front 123

The ancient ________soul left the body during dreams and wandered around the world

Back 123

Chinese

Front 124

This culture interprets dreams as messages from God

Back 124

ancient Isrealites

Front 125

Sleep apnea is dangerous for adults because...

Back 125

it elevates blood pressure which stresses the heart

Front 126

Occurences of daytime sleep attacks are a symptom of what disease

Back 126

narcolepsy

Front 127

The _________ effect of hypnosis is not mediated by the release of endorphins in the brain

Back 127

analgesic

Front 128

Cocaine heroin and amphetamines stimulate the brain's reward system. TRUE/FALSE

Back 128

TRUE

Front 129

The ability of a drug to act as a hallucinogen involves an interaction with _________ neurons.

Back 129

serotonin

Front 130

THC has the capacity to release __________

Back 130

dopamine

Front 131

Morphine and Codeine exert analgesic properties that resemble those of the body's ______________

Back 131

endorphins

Front 132

Stimulants can effectively treat what sleep disorder?

Back 132

narcolepsy

Front 133

The notion that development occurs in stages endorses what view?

Back 133

discontinuity

Front 134

The psychology that is concerned with how organisms change over time is called...

Back 134

developmental psychology

Front 135

This controversy is primarily concerned with the relative importance of heredity and environment

Back 135

Nature Vs. Nurture

Front 136

The despair of a person who is in Erikson's final psychosocial crisis is most likely caused by ...

Back 136

their incomplete resolution of earlier developmental crises

Front 137

Erikson believed that an individual must meet the challenges of ___________ and _____________ before they can move into the period of generativity.

Back 137

identity, intimacy

Front 138

A person who is lonely and can't form meaningful connections with others did not successfully resolve the ____________ vs. _____________ crisis.

Back 138

intimacy, isolation

Front 139

Kohlberg defined intimacy as...

Back 139

the capacity to make a full committment to another person

Front 140

______________ argued that women base moral decisions on social relationships and personal caring

Back 140

Gilligan

Front 141

The fact that moral reasoning does not predict actual behavior is a serious flaw in whose theory of moral development?

Back 141

Kohlberg

Front 142

A child who refuses to steal candy because of a fear of getting caught is most likely demonstrating ______________ morality

Back 142

preconventional

Front 143

Homosexual feelings are difficult to resolve during adolescence because...

Back 143

adolescents are especially concerned with social norms and society offers little support for individuals of homosexual orientation

Front 144

Erikson's developmental theory fails to capture ____________ development as well as it captures male development

Back 144

female

Front 145

Inadequate resolution of this stage results in a lack of self-confidence and a feeling of failure

Back 145

competence vs. inferiority

Front 146

Authoritative parents produce children that are ...

Back 146

confident and self-reliant

Front 147

This is a person's usual way of responding to the world

Back 147

temperment

Front 148

Developing a theory of mind helps a child establish successful _________________ and ___________________

Back 148

social interactions, relationships

Front 149

Donna is so focused on the idea of having a big bowl of ice cream that she refuses to eat it off of a plate even though the plate actually has more ice cream--her refusal is an example of...

Back 149

centration

Front 150

A child who has not mastered ______________ believes that when something is hidden it no longer exists

Back 150

object permenance

Front 151

The correct sequence of Piaget's stages of development ...

Back 151

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Front 152

In the process of _____________ new information fits our earier scheme

Back 152

assimilation

Front 153

In the process of __________ our scheme changes to fit new information

Back 153

accomodation

Front 154

Brain processes of which we are aware occur in our ___________ mind

Back 154

conscious

Front 155

Brain processes like heart rate, breathing, and control of internal organs that do not involve conscious processing occur in the

Back 155

nonconscious mind

Front 156

Consciousness can take _____________ forms, while other mental processes occur simultaneously outside our awareness

Back 156

many

Front 157

What are the three functions of consciousness

Back 157

1. restricts our attention
2. combines sensation with learning and memory
3. allows us to create a mental model of the world that we can manipulate.

Front 158

Shifting our own thoughts, feelings, and beliefs onto others usually unconsciouly is called

Back 158

projection

Front 159

Many levels of processing that occur without awareness

Back 159

unconscious

Front 160

Functions of sleep

Back 160

1. To conserve energy
2. restore body
3. flush out useless info. from brain

Front 161

The deficiency caused by not getting then amount of sleep one needs for optimal functioning is called

Back 161

sleep debt

Front 162

What 2 functions did Freud say dreams have?

Back 162

1. guard sleep
2. sources of wish fulfillment

Front 163

TRUE/FALSE Dream content varies by culture, gender, and age

Back 163

TRUE

Front 164

_____________ _____________ theory says that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from brain stem --a dream is then the brain's attempt to make sense of this random activity

Back 164

Activation-Synthesis

Front 165

Sudden loss of muscle control that occurs before a narcoleptic sleep attack

Back 165

cataplexy

Front 166

An ________________ ______________________ of _____________________ occurs when some aspect of normal consciousness is modified by mental, behavioral, or chemical means.

Back 166

altered state of consciousness

Front 167

Three states of altered consciousness:

Back 167

hypnosis
meditation
psychoactive drug states

Front 168

Chemicals that affect mental processes are called:

Back 168

psychoactive drugs

Front 169

Four catagories of psychoactive drugs

Back 169

hallucinogens
opiates
depressants
stimulants

Front 170

Mesculine, PCP, Cannibis alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness so they are

Back 170

hallucinogens

Front 171

Barbituates, benzodiazepines like Valium, and alcohol slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the CNS, therefore they are classified as

Back 171

depressants

Front 172

Drugs that arouse the CNS and speed up mental and physical responses are called stimulants. Some examples include:

Back 172

cocaine, amphetamines, methanphetamine, MDMA (ecstacy), caffeine, and nicotine