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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Circadian Rhythms?
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Biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle. Disruptions can cause fatigue, decreased concentration, depression, and other health problems.
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what is Sensation?
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process of detecting, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from external and internal environments to the brain.
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What is perception?
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process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns.
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What is the Evolutionary/Circadian Theory ?
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Sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators; part of circadian theory.
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What is the Repair/Restoration Theory ?
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Sleep serves a recuperative function, allowing organisms to repair or replenish key factors.
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What is Freud's Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic View?
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Freud believed dreaming is a repressed or unacceptable desire rising to the surface of consciousness. Freud also believed dreams are symbols.
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What is Hobson's Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis?
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Hobson’s theory that dreams are by-products of random stimulation of brain cells; the brain attempts to combine the spontaneous activity into coherent patters; known as dreams.
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what is the Cognitive View as to why we dream?
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Dreams help us sift and sort our everyday experiences and thoughts.
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What is Insomnia?
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persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early.
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What is Sleep apnea?
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repeated interruption of breathing during sleep because air passages to the lungs are physically blocked or the brain stops activating the diaphragm.
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What is Narcolepsy?
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Sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours.
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What are Heuristics?
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simple rule or shortcut for problem solving that does not guarantee a solution but does narrow the alternative.
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What is an Algorithm?
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Step-by-step rules, that if followed correctly, will eventually solve the problem.
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What is an Availability Heuristic?
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tendency to judge events by how easy it is to think of examples. (Ex: After 9/11, people over estimated the probability of getting into a plane crash.)
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What is Representativeness Heuristic?
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tendency to classify an object into a certain category based on characteristics regardless of the base-rates. (Ex: John is 6’5” tall. If asked whether he is a NBA bball player or a bank president, most people say NBA bball player even though the base-rate of being a bank president is much greater than a NBA bball player.)
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Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic is ...?
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Tendency to use initial values given as an “anchor” and then adjusting judgments from the anchor. (Ex: The car is 10,000 dollars, but the dealer says he will give it to you for 8,000 dollars. The car may only be worth 5,000 dollars, but since the anchor price was 10,000 you think you’re getting a great deal.)
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Jean Piaget's view on cognitive development?
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believed infants begin at a cognitively “primitive” level and progress in distinct stages.
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What is a Schema?
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Most basic unit of intellect. Cognitive structure or patterns consisting of a number of organized ideas that grows and differentiates with the environment.
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what is assimilation?
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In Piaget’s theory; absorbing new information into existing schemas.
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What us accomodation?
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Piaget’s theory; adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information.
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Piaget’s 1st Stage of Development is...?
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Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2yrs): Children explore world through senses and motor activities.
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Piaget’s 2nd Stage of Development is...?
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Preoperational Stage (2-7yrs) Child develops symbolic thought, but still illogical. Representation becomes tide together.
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Piaget’s 3rd Stage of Development is...?
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Concrete Operational Stage (7-11yrs): Operations only applied to concrete events. Able to pass conservation tasks. Not capable of abstract thought.
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Piaget’s 4th Stage of Development is...?
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Formal Operational Stage (11+ years): Capable of abstract thought (math with letters). Engage in complex hypothesis testing and capable of approaching problems from multiple perspectives.Aware of metacognition (to think about thinking).
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what is Object Permanence and at what stage do children experience this?
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Kids can’t imagine how things can exist if they can’t see them. Children experience this in the 1st stage.
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Problem with stage 4...?
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Adolescent Egocentrism – failure to differentiate between what others are thinking and their own thoughts.
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What is personal fable?
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Alone in having certain insights or difficulties and no one else can understand.
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What is imaginary audience?
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when adolescents tend to believe they are the center of others thoughts and attentions.
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problems with piaget's theory?
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Underestimated abilities and Genetic and cultural influences.
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what is Imprinting?
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Innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attachment to the first large moving object seen.
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The 3 attachment styles?
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secure, avoident, anxious/ambivilant
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Social influence is:
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Influencing people through the presence of others.
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The three basic levels of social influence.
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Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
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What is Conformity?
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Adopting attitudes or behaviors of others.
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2 general reasons for conformity:
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informational influence and normative influence
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what is Obedience?
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compliance of person is due to perceived authority of asker.
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Who performed Experiments on Conformity?
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Asch
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What is Explicit Attitude?
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We are aware of them, they shape conscious
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what is implicit attitude?
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We are unaware of them, they may influence our behavior in ways we do not recognize.
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What is Cognitive Dissonance?
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Tension occurring when a person simultaneously holds two incongruent cognitions or… when a person’s belief is incongruent with his or her behavior.
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What are the Elements of Persuasion?
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Source, receiver, message.
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Foot-in-the-door technique:
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Works via commitment and consistency. Try a product with no obligations. (then ask for a seperate large request)
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Door-in-the-face technique:
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Works via mutual concessions. "I’ll tell you what, I’ll drop $1500 right off the top."
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Low-balling technique:
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Asking a small request, the once they agree, reveale hidden costs.
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Scarcity technique:
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Utilizes reactance. Incentives that are happening right now.
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Reciprocity is:
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refers to responding to a positive action with another positive action.
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What is Groupthink?
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In close-knit groups, the tendency for all members to think alike and suppress disagreement for the sake of harmony.
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Stereotypes are:
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Cognitive schemas or a summary impressions of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral).
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dispositional/personal attributions:
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The assumption that a person's behavior is the result of his/her personality.
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situational attributions:
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The assumption that a person's behavior is the result of their environment.
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fundamental attribution error (FAE):
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Misjudging the causes of other's behavior as due to interal rather thanx external ones.
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Discrimination is:
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negative behaviors directed at members of a group.
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Compliance is:
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The act of responding favorably to an explicit or implicit request offered by others.
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Philip Zimbardo is known for:
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The Stanford prison study. People act like the roles they are given.
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Group polarization is:
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Group's movement toward either riskier or more conservative behavior, depending on the member's initial dominant tendency.
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Pluralistic ignorance is:
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a situation where a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but assume (incorrectly) that most others accept it.
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What is the definition of personality?
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Unique and relatively stable patters of thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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What is a temperament?
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an individual’s innate, biological behavioral style and characteristic emotional response.
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What are the three dimensions of personality according to Eysenck’s model of personality?
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Extroversion-Introversion, Neuroticism-Stability, and Psychoticism-Kindness
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what is the Conscious?
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thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering.
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What is the preconscious?
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thoughts, motives, or memories that can voluntarily be brought to mind.
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What is the unconscious?
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thoughts, motives, and memories blocked from normal awareness.
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What is the Pleasure principle?
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the immediate and uninhibited seeking of pleasure. (On which the Id operates)
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What is the reality principle?
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the delay of gratification until practical or appropriate. (on which the ego operates)
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what is the morality principle?
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Your "conscious". Doin what you feel is right. Violating rules results in the feelings of guilt. (on which the superego operates)
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What is a defense mechanism?
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Defense Mechanisms are the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by distorting reality.
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Medical model of mental illness is:
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Perspective that assumes diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possible cured.
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Diathesis-Stress model of mental illness suggests that:
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People inherit a predisposition that increases their risk for mental disorders if exposed to certain extremely stressful life experiences.
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What are the major symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?
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Chronic, uncontrollable, and excessive fear and worry that lasts at least six months and that is not focused on any particular object or situation. Victims feel afraid of something but are unable to identify a specific fear. May develop headaches, heart palpitations, dizziness, and insomnia.
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what are the symptoms of Major depression?
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Long lasting (more than 6 months) depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life.
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Fisk’s Core Social Motives:
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Belonging, Understanding, Enhancement, Control, and Trust. (BUCET)
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Maslow’s Pyramid of Needs (from bottom to top):
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Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belongingness and Love needs, Esteem, Need for self-actualization.
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Reward Mechanisms in the Brain include:
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Dopamine: precedes movement toward some goal, but not released upon goal attainment. AND Endorphines: released when rewards are experienced.
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what gland releases DHEA and testosterone.
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the Adrenal gland
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What is the Instinct Theory:
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motivated by inborn, genetic factors in motivation.
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The universal Primary emotions:
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Fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt.
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Emotional Intelligence (EI) is:
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knowing and managing one’s emotions, empathizing with others, and maintaining satisfying relationships.
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the Cross sectional method measures what?
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Individuals of various ages at one point in time and gives information about teh age differences.
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The longitudinal method measures what?
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A single individual or group of individuals over and extended period and gives information about ages changes.
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Correlational research observes or measures what?
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Two or more naturally occuring variables to find the realionships between them.
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Experimental research methods allow what?
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Cause and effect relationships between variables to be drawn.
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Prejudice is:
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a learned, generally negative, attitude towards members of a group. (includes thoughts, feelings, and behavioral tendencies.)
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What is the difference between stereotype and prejudice?
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Stereotyping is applying an attribute to a certian group of people. Prejudice is not liking a certain group of people because they are different from yourself.
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What are the roles of Rods?
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Detect shades of gray and are responsible for peripheral vision; most important in dim light and at night.
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What are the roles of Cones?
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Responsible for color vision and fine detail; most sensitive in brightly lit conditions.
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