Psychology 100

Front 1

The body's information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.

Back 1

Neaural Communication

Front 2

Parts of the neuron.

Back 2

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Melin sheath
Terminal branches
Synapse

Front 3

A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

Back 3

Action Potential

Front 4

The space between the end of the axon of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron.

Back 4

Synapse

Front 5

(chemicals) releasted from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron.

Back 5

Neurotransmitters

Front 6

The body's information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.

Back 6

Neaural Communication

Front 7

Process in the synapse where extra nerotransmitters are reabsorbed into the sending neurons.

Back 7

Reuptake

Front 8

Pathways are invovled with mood regulation

Back 8

Serotonin

Front 9

Pathways are invovled with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.

Back 9

Dopamine

Front 10

Enables muscles activity and seem to be low for those with Alzheimer's disease.

Back 10

Acetylcholine

Front 11

Neurotransmitters related to pain and "good feelings" and pain relief.

Back 11

Endorphins

Front 12

Similar reaction, doesn't fit exactly.

Back 12

Agonist

Front 13

Inhibits, blocks action.

Back 13

Antagonist

Front 14

The body's slower communication system

Back 14

The endocrine system

Front 15

Chemicals sythesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the blood stream

Back 15

Hormons

Front 16

Secretes many different hormons, some of which affect other glands.

Back 16

Pituitary gland

Front 17

Affects metabolism, among other things

Back 17

Thyroid gland

Front 18

Helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

Back 18

Parathyroids

Front 19

Inner part called the medulla helps trigger the fight or flight respons

Back 19

Adrenal Glands

Front 20

Regulates the level of sugar in blood.

Back 20

Pancreas.

Front 21

We detect physical energy from the envioronment and convert into neutral signals.

Back 21

Sensation

Front 22

We select, organize and interpret our sensations.

Back 22

Perception

Front 23

This beins with sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain.

Back 23

Bottom-Up Processing

Front 24

Iformation processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations

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Top-Down Processing

Front 25

Minimum stimulation needed to dectect a particular stimuls fifty percent of the time.

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Absolute Threshold

Front 26

Minimum difference between two stimuli reqauired for detection fifty percent of the time.

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Difference Threshold

Front 27

Two stimuli differ by constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different.

Back 27

Weber's Law

Front 28

Transparent tissue where light enters the eye.

Back 28

Cornea

Front 29

Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light.

Back 29

Iris

Front 30

Area that focusses on the light rays on the retina.

Back 30

Lens

Front 31

Contains sensory receptors taht process visula information and alerts the optic nerve

Back 31

Retina

Front 32

Area of the retina where the focus of the light ray produce the closest image

Back 32

Fovea

Front 33

nerve that transmits information from the retina the brain.

Back 33

Optic Nerve

Front 34

The process by which the lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina.

Back 34

Accomidation

Front 35

Irregular curvature of the cornea or lens.

Back 35

Astigmatism

Front 36

Is a degenitive disorder of the eye in which structural changes with in the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape that its normal gradual curve

Back 36

Keratoconus

Front 37

Darkening of lens--old age and UV radiation

Back 37

Cataracts

Front 38

Increase pressure in eye, because it's not being drained properly.

Back 38

Glaucoma

Front 39

Back of eye coming lose; causes you to lose use of retina

Back 39

Retinal Detachment

Front 40

Pieces of veteras that float around; unless you have a lot, nothing to worry about.

Back 40

Floaters

Front 41

Leading cause of blindness.

Back 41

Age-Related Macular Degneeration

Front 42

Optic nerves connect to the thalmus in the middle of the brain, and the thalmus contains the visual cortex.

Back 42

Visual information processing

Front 43

Nerve cells in teh visual cortect respond to specific features, such as edge, angles and movement

Back 43

Feature Detection

Front 44

Processing several aspects at the same time. The brain divides a visual scence into subdivisions such as; color, depth, form, movement, etc.

Back 44

Parallel Processing

Front 45

Mind to mind communication

Back 45

telepathy

Front 46

Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friends house on fire

Back 46

Clairvoyance

Front 47

Perceiving the future

Back 47

Precognition

Front 48

A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior do to experience

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Learning

Front 49

Tw events occur together

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Classical Conditioning

Front 50

Response followed by consquence

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Opperant Conditioning

Front 51

Russian physiologis who eluciated classical conditioning.

Back 51

Ivan Pavlov

Front 52

The initial learning stage in classsical conditioning.

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Acquisition

Front 53

When US does not follow the CS, CR begins to decrease and eventuall causes extinction

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Extinction

Front 54

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS.

Back 54

Generalization

Front 55

Cosidered consciousness unimportatn for the scientific study of psychology.

Back 55

Watson

Front 56

Ealy behaviorists believed tht learned behaviors could be reduced to

Back 56

mindless mechanisms

Front 57

We learn to fear somethings easier than others.

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Biological predisposition

Front 58

Found that for cats rewarded behaviors were likely to occur again, and he called this law of effect.

Back 58

Edward Thorndike.

Front 59

Deserves credit for the discovery and understanding of operant condtioning type of learning

Back 59

B.F Skinner

Front 60

Box that comes witha bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer liek food or water

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Operant Chamber or Skinner Box

Front 61

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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Reinforcement

Front 62

Add a deseirable stimuls

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Positive Reinforcement

Front 63

Remove an averse stimuls

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Negative Reinforcement

Front 64

And innately reinfocing stimulus like food or drink.

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Primary Reinforcer

Front 65

A learned reinforcer that gets is reinforcing power therough association with the primary reinforcer.

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Secondary (Conditional) Reinforcer.

Front 66

Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs.

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Continuous Reinforcer

Front 67

Reinforces the desired response only part of the time

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Partial Reinforcement

Front 68

Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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Fixed Ration Schedule

Front 69

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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Variable Ratio Schedule

Front 70

Administer an averse stimulus

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Positive Punishment

Front 71

Withdraw a desireable stimuls

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Negative Punishment