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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Popular psychology industry
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Sprawling network of everyday sources of information about human behavior
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Native Realism
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belief that we see the world precisely as it is
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Communalism
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willingness to share our findings with others
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Disinterestedness
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attempt to be objective when evaluating the evidence
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Confirmation bias
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tendency to seek out evidence that supports out hypotheses and neglect or distort evidence that contradicts them
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Belief perseverance
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tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
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Scientific theory
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explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
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Hypothesis
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testable prediction derived from a theory
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Scientific skepticism
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approach of evaluating before accepting them
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Pathological skepticism
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tendency to dismiss any claims that contradict our beliefs
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Oberg’s dictum
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premise that we should keep our minds open, but not so open that we believe virtually everything
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astrology
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pseudoscience that claims to predict people’s personalities and futures from the precise date and time or their birth
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Critical thinking
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set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion
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Falsifiable
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capable of being disproved
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Risky prediction
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forecast that stands a good chance of being wrong
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Replicability
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demand that a study’s findings be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators
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Correlation-causation fallacy
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error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other
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Variable
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anything that can vary
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Third variable problem
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case in which a third variable causes the correlation between two other variables
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Pseudoscience
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set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t
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Metaphysical claims
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assertions about the world that are unfalsifiable
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Prefrontal lobotomy
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Surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
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Heuristics
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mental shortcuts that help us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
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Representativeness
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Heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype
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Base rate
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how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population
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Availability
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Heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds
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Cognitive biases
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systematic errors in thinking
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Hindsight bias
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tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes
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Overconfidence
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tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions
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Naturalistic observation
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Watching behavior in real-world settings
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External validity
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extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
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Internal validity
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extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
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Case study
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research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period
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Existence proofs
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demonstrations that a given psychological phenomenon can occur
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Correlational design
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research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
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Scatterplot
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grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person’s data
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Illusory correlation
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perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
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Experiment
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research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulations of an independent variable
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Random assignment
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randomly sorting participants into two groups
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Experimental group
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in an experiment the group of participants that receives the manipulations
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Control group
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in an experiment, the group of participants that doesn’t receive the manipulation
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independent variable
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variable that the experimenter manipulates
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dependent variable
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variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
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confound
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any difference between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable
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meta-analysis
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investigation of the consistency of patterns of results across large numbers of studies conducted in different laboratories
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file drawer problem
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tendency for negative findings to remain unpublished
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placebo effect
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improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
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blind
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unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
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nocebo effect
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harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
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experimenter expectancy effect
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phenomenon in which researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
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double-blind
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when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or control group
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Hawthorn effect
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phenomenon in which participants’ knowledge that they’re being studied can affect their behavior
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demand characteristics
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cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher hypotheses
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random selection
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procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
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reliability
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consistency of measurement
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validity
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extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure
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response sets
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tendencies of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
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halo effect
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tendencies of ratings of one positive characteristic to spill over into others
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leniency effect
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tendencies to be overly generous with ratings
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error of central tendency
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unwillingness to provide extreme (high or low) ratings
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informed consent
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informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
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statistics
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application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data
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descriptive statistics
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numerical characterizations that describe data
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central tendency
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measure of the “Central” scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster
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dispersion
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measure of how loosely or tightly the bunched scores are
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inferential statistics
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mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
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dendrites
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portions of neurons that receive signals
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synaptic cleft
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space between two connecting neurons where neurotransmitters are released
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axons
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portions of neurons that send signals
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synaptic vesicles
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spherical sacs containing neurotransmitters
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neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers specialized for communication and released at the synapse
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glia (glial) cells
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support cells in nervous system that play roles in the formation of myelin and blood-brain barrier, respond to injury, and remove debris
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blood-brain barrier
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glial cells forming a fatty coating that prevents certain substances from entering the brain
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myelin sheath
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glial cell-wrappers around axons that act as insulators of the neuron's signal
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resting potential
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electrical charge difference (-70 millivolts) across the neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited
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threshold
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membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential
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action potential
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regenerative electrical impulse that travels down the axon and allows neurons to communicate
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absolute refractory period
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time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate
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receptor sites
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locations that uniquely recognize a neurotransmitter
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reuptake
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means of recycling neurotransmitters
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endorphins
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chemicals in the brain that play a specialized role in pain reduction
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lesion
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area of damage due to surgery, injury, or disease
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electroencephalophraphy (EEG)
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recording of brain's electrical activity at the surface of the skull
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Computed Tomography (CT)
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a scanning technique using multiple x-rays to construct three-dimensional images
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Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)
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technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure
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Positron Emission Topography
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imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure
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Functional MRI (fMRI)
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technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull and that can either enhance or interrupt brain function
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Magnetocephalography (MEG)
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measure of brain activity using magnetometers that sense tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain
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Split Brain Surgery
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procedure that involves severing the Corpus Callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures
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Lateralization
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cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other
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neurons
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nerve cells specialized for communication
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central nervous system
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part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that enables mind and behavior
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peripheral nervous system
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nerves in the body that extend outside the central nervous system
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forebrain
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forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities; also known as the cerebrum
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cerebral cortex
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outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functions
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cerebral hemispheres
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two halves of the cerebral cortex, which serve different yet highly integrated cognitive functions
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corpus callosum
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large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
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frontal lobe
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forward part of cerebral cortex containing the motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex; responsible for motor function, language and memory
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motor cortex
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part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement
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prefrontal cortex
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part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning and language
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Broca's area
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language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production
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aphasia
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serious speech deficit that renders a person unable to communicate effectively
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parietal lobe
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upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe specialized for touch and perception
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temporal lobe
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lower part of cerebral cortex below the temples, which plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory
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Wernicke's area
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part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech
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occipital lobe
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back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision
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sensory cortex
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regions of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, touch, hearing, balance, taste, and smell
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association cortex
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regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions
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basal ganglia
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structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
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dopamine
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neutrotransmitter that plays a key role in movement and reward
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basal forebrain
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region in forebrain containing acetylcholine neurons that affect activity of the cortex
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acetylcholine
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neutrotransmitter used to control activity, including movement, memory, attention, and dreaming
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thalamus
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part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the medulla, midbrain, and pons
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midbrain
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part of the brain stem that lies between the forebrain and hindbrain. it helps to control head and neck reflexes and modulate motor activity
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reticular activating system (RAS)
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group of neurons in the brain stem that plays a key role in arousal
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hindbrain
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part of the brain between the spinal cord and midbrain, consisting of the pons, cerebellum, and medulla
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cerebellum
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small cerebrum in hindbrain, responsible for our sense of balance
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pons
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part of hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with cerebellum
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medulla
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part of brain stem involved in vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing
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cerebral ventricles
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internal waterways of the CNS that carry cerebrospinal fluid, which provides the brain with nutrients and cushioning against injury
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interneurons
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neurons that send messages to other neurons nearby and stimulate neurons
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reflex
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an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus like muscle strength
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synapse
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space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted
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somatic nervous system
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part of the peripheral nervous system carrying messages from the CNS through the body to control movement
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limbic system
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emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory
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hypothalamus
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part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state
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amygdala
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part of limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal
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hippocampus
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part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory
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When completing your nursing diagnosis, what determines if you will use a two-part or three-part statement?
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You will use a two-part statement for risk diagnosis. (PE - will consist of the problems/diagnostic label and the etiology/related-to factors)
You will use a three-part statement for actual nursing diagnoses. (PES- will consist of Problem/diagnostic label, r/t Etiology/Related-to factors, and AEB Signs and symptoms/defining characteristics) |
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sympathetic division
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part of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis, or after actions requiring fight or flight
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parasympathetic division
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part of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion
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endocrine system
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system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers
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hormones
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blood-borne chemical that influences target tissues and glands
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Sensation
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detection of a physical energy by sense organs, which then send information to the brain
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Perception
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the brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs
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Transduction
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the process of converting and external energy or substance into neural activity
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Sense Receptor
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specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system
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Absolute Threshold
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lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50% of the time
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Just Noticeable Difference
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the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect
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Perceptual Constancy
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the process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions
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Selective Attention
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process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others
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Extrasensory Perception
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perception of events outside of the known channels of sensation
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Brightness
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intensity of reflected light that reaches our eyes
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Hue
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color of light
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Accommodation
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changing of the shape of the lens to focus on an object near or far
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Fovea
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central portion of the retina, most focused acuity
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Acuity
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sharpness of vision
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Rods
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receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light
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Cones
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receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in color
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Blind Spot
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part of the visual field where we can't see because of the absence of rods and cones, the optic nerve
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Neurotransmitter: Glutamate
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Main excitatory neurotransmitter
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Neurotransmitter: Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
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Main inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (Ach)
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Muscle contraction and cortical arousal
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Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine (NE)
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Cortical arousal
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Neurotransmitter: Dopamine
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Motor function and reward
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Neurotransmitter: Serotonin
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Cortical arousal
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Neurotransmitter: Endorphins
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Pain reduction
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Neurotransmitter: Anadamide
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Pain reduction, increase in appetite
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consciousness
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our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives
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sleep paralysis
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state of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right before waking up
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circadian rhythm
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cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hr basis in many biological processes
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biological clock
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term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness
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rapid eye movements (REM)
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darting of the eyes underneath the closed eyelids during sleep
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electrooculogram (EOG)
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measures eye movements
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electroencephalograph (EEG)
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measures brain waves
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electromyogram (EMG)
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measures muscular activity
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hypnagogic imagery
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scrambled, bizarre, and dreamlike images that flit in and out of consciousness
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hypnic myoclonia
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sudden muscle contractions
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paradoxical or REM sleep
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stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs
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REM rebound
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the amount and intensity and REM sleep increases
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lucid dreaming
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experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming
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insomnia
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difficulty falling and staying asleep
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restless legs syndrome
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urge to move our legs or other body parts, often while attempting to sleep
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narcolepsy
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disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep
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sleep apnea
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disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue
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cataplexy
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a complete loss of muscle tone
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night terrors
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sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep
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sleepwalking
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walking while fully asleep
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dream protection theory
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dreams serve as a protector for out sexual and aggressive instincts and that our dreams must be interpreted in order to understand what they actually mean
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activation-synthesis theory
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theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story
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psychoactive drugs
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chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons
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sedative
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drug that exerts a calming effect
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hypnotic
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drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect
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balanced placebo design
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4-group design in which researchers tell participants they either are, or are not, receiving an active drug and, in fact, either do or don't receive it
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idiosyncratic intoxication
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state in which small amounts of alcohol produce dramatic behavioral changes
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tolerance
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reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect
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withdrawal
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unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually
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delirium
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disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations, and memory problems, sometimes resulting from alcohol withdrawal
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alcohol hallucinosis
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auditory hallucinations, sometimes accompanied by paranoid beliefs, resulting from alcohol withdrawal
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stimulants
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drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
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narcotics
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drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep
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hallucinogenic
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causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought
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