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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empirical evidence |
Evidence gathered through our senses |
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Scientific method |
A method of research, including 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Evidence 5. Discussion 6. Repetition -> New theory |
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Operationalization |
Defining an abstract concept |
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Replicability |
To what extent the experiment can be repeated |
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Reliability |
How consistently something measures |
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Test-retest reliability |
Same result with same participants if repeated |
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Internal reliability |
How consistently a method measures within itself |
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External reliability |
How consistently a method measures over time when repeated |
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Inter-rater reliability |
All observers are consistent in their observations/ratings |
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Validity |
Whether a study measures what it's supposed to measure |
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Internal validity |
Whether a study's results were really due to the variables measured, the confidence in the cause/effect relationship of the study. |
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External validity |
Whether the results can be generalized in a different environment or/and using other participants |
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Face/content validity |
Whether it looks like it measures what it's supposed to measure |
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Construct validity |
Whether the theoretical concept matches the (sometimes operationalized) specific measurement/scale used in the study |
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Concurrent validity |
Comparing a method or test with an already well established one |
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Predictive validity |
Whether the results of a test will indicate future performance based on its results |
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Ecological validity |
Whether a test or method measures behavior that is representative of naturally occurring behavior |
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Passive deception |
Withholding of information about purpose of study from participants |
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Active deception |
Lying to or misleading participants about the purpose of the study |
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Debriefing |
The revealing of the true nature of the study |
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Target population |
The part of a population that a researcher is interested in investigating |
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Sample |
The group of people in a research who represents the target population |
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Participants |
The ones taking part in a research/test |
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Random sample |
Everyone in a target population has an equal chance of being selected |
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Self-selected sample |
The sample is made up of volunteers |
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Convenience sample |
Whoever happens to be around the place where investigation takes place has a chance of being a part of the study |
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Cluster sample |
A random section of a target population is selected as sample |
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Purposive sample |
The participants best suited for the research is selected |
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Snowball sample |
Participants recruit new participants among friends |
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Quota sample |
Participants selected with the goal of filling a quota representative to the target population |
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Psychology |
The scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes |
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Common-sense psychology |
Judgement derived from experience rather than study |
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Popular psychology |
Psychological tests/concepts performed by magazines, tv-shows etc. |
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Scientific psychology |
Psychological research that follows the guidelines of science, e.g the scientific method |
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Anthropology |
The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics and social customs of humankind |
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Therapy |
Treatment of physical, cognitive, or behavioral disorders or illness |
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Quantitative data |
The data is in form of statistics |
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Qualitative data |
Data in depth |
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Model |
A representation that in some way illustrates a pattern of relationships observed in data or nature |
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Content analysis |
When materials are studied in depth while focusing in a special "theme" or issue, e.g gender roles |
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Meta analysis |
Combining results from previous research to arrive at a conclusion about the body of research |
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Experiment |
A series of observations under controlled conditions to draw a casual conclusion |
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Laboratory experiments |
Experiment conducted in a controlled environment |
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Field experiment |
Experiment conducted in a natural environment |
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Quasi experiment |
The selection of a group, upon which a variable is tested, without any random pre-selection processes. Researcher has no control over the independent variable. |
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Correlational studies |
Investigating the relationship between two or more variables |
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Observation |
A systematic method of collecting data which is gathered through the use of our senses |
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Controlled observation |
The observation is made in a controlled environment |
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Naturalistic observation |
The observation is made in a natural environment |
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Participant/non-participant observation |
Whether the researcher takes part of what is being observed or not |
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Covert observation |
Participants are not aware of being observed |
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Overt observation |
Participants are aware of being observed |
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Interviews |
Questions asked to participant which can generate both quantitative and qualitative data |
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Questionnaries |
Written questions which can generate both quantitative and qualitative data |
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Case study |
An in-depth investigation of a target individual or group |
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Verbal protocols |
Data collected when participants are asked to talk out loud while performing an activity |
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Ethnocentrism |
Cultural bias |
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Cross-cultural research |
Research including participants and researchers from more than one culture |
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Androcentric |
Someone/-thing with a predominantly male perspective |
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Emotion |
Feelings about a situation, person or object hat involves changes in physiological arousal and cognition |
